Rules of chess

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The chess rule (also known as chess law ) is the rule that governs the game of chess. While the origins of chess are unclear, modern rules first formed during the Middle Ages. The rules continued to be slightly modified until the early 19th century, when they attained essentially their current form. The rules also vary from place to place. Today, the standard rules are set by FIDE ( FÃÆ' Â © dÃÆ' Â © ration Internationale des ÃÆ' â € ° checs ), the international body for chess. Few modifications were made by some national organizations for their own purposes. There are various rules for quick chess, chess correspondence, online chess, and Chess960.

Chess is a board game of two players utilizing a chess board and sixteen pieces of six types for each player. Each type of piece moves in different ways. The purpose of the game is to skakmat (threaten by inevitable capture) the opposing king. The game does not have to end with a checklist; players often resign if they believe they will lose. A game can also end in a lottery in several ways.

In addition to basic pieces of movement, rules also govern the equipment used, time control, player behavior and ethics, accommodation for physically challenged players, and recording movements using chess notation. Procedures for resolving irregularities that may occur during the game are also provided.

Video Rules of chess

Initial setting

Chess is played on a chessboard, the square board is divided into 64 squares (eight-by-eight) alternating colors, similar to those used in the concept (checkers) (FIDE 2008). No matter what the actual color of the board, the lighter colored boxes are called "light" or "white", and dark colored boxes are called "dark" or "black". Sixteen "white" and sixteen "black" pieces are placed on the board at the beginning of the game. The board is placed so that the white box is in the right-hand corner of each player. Horizontal rows are called ranks and vertical rows are called files.

Each player controls sixteen pieces:

At the beginning of the game, the pieces are arranged as shown in the diagram: for each side of one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. The piece is placed, one on the square, as follows:

• The castle is placed in the outer corners, right and left edges.
• The knight is placed directly inside the rook.
• The bishops are placed in knights.
• The queen is placed in the central square with the same color as the player: the white queen in the white box and the black queen in the black box.
• The king takes the empty spot next to the queen.
• The pawn is placed one box in front of all the other parts.

Popular mnemonics used to remember settings are "queens in their own colors" and "white on the right". The latter refers to the board settings so that the square closest to each player is white (Schiller 2003: 16-17).

Maps Rules of chess

Gameplay

The player who controls the white part is named "White"; the player who controls the black piece is named "Black". Move the first white, then the player alternately move. Moving is necessary; it is not legal to not move, even when having to move it is harmful. Play on until until a king is checked-in, the player resigns, or the sweepstakes are declared, as described below. In addition, if a game is played under time control, players who exceed their deadline lose the game.

Official chess rules do not include procedures for determining who plays White. Instead, this decision is left open to special tournament rules (eg Swiss tournament tournaments or Round-robin tournaments) or, in the case of non-competitive games, collective agreements, in which case some kind of random selection is often used. The common method is for one player to hide a piece (usually a pawn) of each color in both hands; Other players choose the hand to open, and receive the color of the piece revealed.

Movement

Basic removal

Each type of chess piece has its own method of movement. Piece moves to empty field except when capture opponent section.

Except for every movement of knights and castles, pieces can not jump over other pieces. A piece is captured (or taken ) when an enemy attacking section replaces it in the square ( en passant is the only exception). The captured pieces are permanently removed from the game. Kings can be examined but can not be arrested (see below).

• The king moves exactly one square horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. A special move with a king known as castling is only allowed once per player, per game (see below).
• The castle moves a number of empty boxes in a horizontal or vertical direction. This is also removed when casting.
• A bishop moves a number of empty boxes in any direction diagonal.
• The queen moves a number of empty boxes in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal direction.
• A knight moves to the nearest box that is not the same rank , file , or diagonal . (This can be considered as moving two boxes horizontally then one square vertically, or moving one square horizontally then two boxes vertically - ie in the "L" pattern.) Knights are not blocked by other parts: it jumps to a new location.
• Pion has the most complicated motion rules:

• A pawn moves straight ahead of a box, if the box is empty. If it has not moved, the pawn also has the option to move two straight boxes forward, provided the two boxes are empty. Pawn can not move backwards.
• Pawns are the only part that captures differently from how they move. Pawn can capture enemy pieces in one of the two diagonal boxes in front of the pawn (but can not move to the box if it is empty).

Pion is also involved in two special steps of en passant and promotion (Schiller 2003: 17-19).

Castling

Castling consists of moving the king two squares towards the castle, then placing the castle on the other side of the king, next to it. Castling is only allowed if all of the following conditions apply:

• The king and the castle involved in castration should not have moved beforehand;
• There can be no part between the king and the castle;
• The king may not currently be in check, or perhaps the king passes or ends in the square attacked by the enemy (even though the castle is allowed to be attacked and passes through a box being attacked);
• The king and the castle must be the same rank (Schiller 2003: 19).

En passant

When the pawn advanced two boxes from the original box and ended with a bend adjacent to the opposing pawn at the same rank, it could be captured by the opponent's pawn, as if moving only one box forward. This capture is only legal in the next step of the opponent immediately after the first pawn. The diagram on the right shows this example: if the white pawn moves from a2 to a4, the black pawn in b4 can catch it en passant , moving from b4 to a3 while the white pawn in a4 is removed from the board.

Pawn campaign

If a player advances the pawn to the eighth position, the pawn is then promoted (converted) into queen, castle, bishop, or knight of the same color in the player's choice (queens are usually selected). The options are not limited to previous portrait . Therefore it is theoretically possible for a player to have up to nine queens or up to ten rooks, bishops, or knights if all their pawns are promoted. If the desired section is not available, the player must call arbiter to provide the snippet (Schiller 2003 : 17-19).

Check

A king is being in check while being attacked by at least one enemy. A piece can not move because it will put the king himself in check (it pinned against the king himself) may still give a check to the opposing player.

It is illegal to make a move that puts or leaves the king of someone in check. Possible ways to get out of the check are:

• Move king to the box where it's not in check.
• Capture check section (maybe with king).
• Block check by placing a piece between the king and the threatening opponent (Only 2014), (Polgar & Truong 2005: 32.103), (Burgess 2009: 550).

If it is impossible to get out of check, the king will become tense and the game ends (see next section).

In an informal game, it usually announces a "check" when making a move that puts the opponent king in check. However, in formal competition examination is rarely announced (Only 2014).

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Competition rule

These rules apply to the game being played " above board ". There are specific rules for chess correspondence, blitz chess, computer chess, and for disabled players.

Move pieces

The movement of the pieces must be done with one hand. After the hand is taken from the piece after moving it, the move can not be withdrawn unless the action is illegal. When drilled, the player must first move the king with one hand and then move the castle with the same hand (Schiller 2003: 19-20).

In the case of a pawn promotion, if the player releases the pawn in the eighth rank, the player must promote the pawn. Once the pawn has moved, the player can touch any part that is not on the board and the promotion is not finalized until a new section is released in the promotional square (Only 2014).

Touch removal rule

In a serious game, if a moving player touches one part as if it has the intention to move it, then the player must move it if it can be moved legally. As long as the hand does not leave pieces in the new square, any legal action can be done with that piece. If a player touches one of the opponent's pieces then the piece should be captured if there is a step laws that do it. If no part is touched it can be moved or taken no penalty (Schiller 2003: 19-20).

When castrated, the king must be the first part touched. If the player touches the castle at the same time as touching the king, the player must struggle with the castle if it is legal to do so. If the player completes the square two-king step without touching the castle, the player must move the correct castle if the referrer in that direction is legal. If a player begins to become a castle illegally, the other king of the law must be made if possible, including playing with other forts (Schiller 2003: 20).

If a player moves the pawn into the eighth position, the player can not be replaced with a different pawn when the player has stopped touching it. However, the move was not complete until the promoted part was released in the square.

If a player wants to touch a part with the intention of adjusting his position in the box, the player must first alert the opponent of this intention by saying J'adoube or "I adjust". After the game begins, only players with movements can touch pieces on the board (Schiller 2003: 19-20).

Time

The tournament games are played under time constraints, called time controls, using a chess clock. Players must make their moves in time or lose the game. There are different types of time control. In some cases, each player will have a certain amount of time to make certain moves. In other cases each player will have limited time to do all their moves. In addition, the player can earn a little extra time for each movement performed, either with small increments added for each movement performed, or by hours that delay a small amount of time each time it starts after the opposing step (Schiller 2003: 21-24).

• If a player sends a checkbox, the game ends and the player wins, no matter what then becomes known about the time on the hour.
• If player A calls attention to player B who is out of time while player A is not out of time and some legal step sequence leads to B being checked, then player A wins automatically.
• If player A does not have possibly of tightening B then the game is a series (Schiller 2003: 28).

The US Chess Federation (USCF) rules are different. The USCF 14E rule defines "insufficient material to win on time", ie single king, king plus knight, king plus bishop, and king plus two knights opposed by no pawns, and no forced victory in the final position. Therefore to win on time with this material, the USCF rules require that victory be imposed from that position, while the FIDE rules only require victory to be possible. (See Monika So? Ko Appeal rules in 2008 and Women's World Chess Championships 2008 for a famous example of this rule.)

• If the player runs out of time and also calls attention to his opponent running out of time, then:
  • If sudden death time control not in use, game continues in the next time control period (Schiller 2003: 23).
  • if the game is played under the control of a sudden death time, then if it can be determined which player is running out of first time, the game is lost by the player; if not game withdrawn (Schiller 2003: 29).

If a player believes that an opponent tries to win the game on time and not in the normal way (ie checks), if it is a sudden death time control and the player has less than two minutes left, the player can stop the clock and claim a draw with the referee. The arbitrator may declare an exciting match or delay the decision and hand out an additional two-minute opponent (Schiller 2003: 21-24,29).

Recording recording

Each chessboard box is identified by a unique pair of letters and numbers. Vertical files are labeled a via h , from the left White (ie queenside) to the right White. Similarly, horizontally rank is numbered from 1 to 8 , starting from one side of the closest White from the board. Each board box, then, is uniquely identified by its letter and serial number. The white king, for example, starts the game in the e1 box. The black knight at b8 can move to a6 or c6 .

In formal competitions, each player is obliged to record every movement as played in chess notation to resolve disputes about illegal positions, bypass time control, and make a lottery claim with a fifty step rule or repetition of positions. Algebraic chess notation is the accepted standard for recording games today. There are other systems such as ICCF numeric notation for international correspondence chess and outdated descriptive chess notation. The current rule is that a step should be done on the board before it is written on paper or recorded with an electronic device.

Both players must show the lottery offer by writing "=" at that step on their score sheet (Schiller 2003: 27). Notation of time on the clock can be made. If a player has less than five minutes left to complete all of their moves, they are not required to record the movement (unless a delay of at least thirty seconds per movement is in use). The score sheet should be available for arbiter at any time. A player can respond to opponent's movements before writing them down (Schiller 2003: 25-26).

Adjournment

View Billing Ã,§ Chess.

Deviation

Moving illegally

Players who commit illegal acts must withdraw the action and take legal action. The step should be done with the same part if possible, because the touch gesture rules apply. If the illegal act is an attempt to create a castle, then the rules of the move apply to the king but not to the castle. The arbitrator shall adjust the time on the hour according to the best evidence. If errors are known only later on, the game should be restarted from the position where the error occurred (Schiller 2003: 24-25). Some regional organizations have different rules.

If a blitz chess is being played (where both players have a small, limited time, say five minutes) the rules vary. A player can correct illegal actions if players do not press their clock. If a player presses their clock, the opponent can claim victory if he has not moved. If the opponent moves, illegal acts are accepted and without penalty (Schiller 2003: 77).

According to FIDE of Chess Law, the first illegally settled step is punished by giving an additional two minute opponent on the hour. The second illegal step completed by the same player results in the loss of the game, unless its position is such that it is impossible for the opponent to win with any set of legal movements (eg if the opponent has an empty king) in which case the game is drawn. The step is completed when it has been created and the player has pressed the clock. In quick chess and lightning chess, the first illegal movement to be completed results in a loss.

Illegal position

If found during the game that the starting position is wrong, the game restarts. If found during the game that the board is not oriented correctly, the game continues with pieces being transferred to the board that is really oriented. If the game begins with the color of the upside-down pieces, the game will continue (except the opposite arbiter) (Schiller 2003: 24). Some regional organizations have different rules.

If a player taps a piece, it is their responsibility to return them to the correct position in their time. If it is found that an illegal act has been committed, or that the pieces have been moved, the game is returned to the position before the irregularity. If the position can not be determined, the game is returned to the last known final position (Schiller 2003: 24-25).

Do

Players may not use any records, outside information sources (including computers), or suggestions from others. Analysis on other boards is not allowed. The scoresheet is for recording objective facts about the game only, such as time on the clock or interesting bidding. Players should not leave the competition area without the permission of the arbitrator (Schiller 2003: 30-31).

High ethical and ethical standards are required. Players must shake hands before and after the game. Generally a player should not speak during a match, except to offer a draw, resign, or to draw attention to irregularities. The "check" announcement is made in amateur games but should not be used in officially approved games. A player must not alter or interfere with other players in any way, including repeatedly offering a draw (Schiller 2003: 30-31,49-52).

Due to increased concerns about the use of chess machines and outside communications, the use of mobile phones is prohibited. The first loss by high-profile players, for their phone rings while playing, took place in 2003. In 2014 FIDE extended this to ban all phones from play areas during chess competitions, under penalty of game foreclosures or even expulsion from tournaments. However, the rules also allow less rigid enforcement in amateur events.

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Tools

The size of the square of the chessboard should be about 1.25 to 1.3 times the diameter of the king's base, or 50 to 65 mm. A box of 57 mm ( 2 ⁴ / ₄ inches) is usually very suitable for pieces with kings in the range size is preferred. Darker boxes are usually brown or green and lighter boxes are white or buffalo.

Staunton chess design pieces are standard and are usually made of wood or plastic. They are often black and white; Other colors can be used (such as dark wood or even red for dark pieces) but they will still be called "white" and "black" pieces (see White and Black in chess). The height of the king should be 85 to 105 millimeters (3.35-4.13 inches). The altitudes of about 95 to 102 mm ( 3 ⁴ / ₄ -4Ã, inch) are preferred by most users. player. The diameter of the king should be 40 to 50% of its height. The size of other parts should be proportional to the king. Pieces should be balanced (Only 2014).

In the game subject to time control, a chess clock is used, consisting of two adjacent clocks and a button to stop one hour when starting another, such that the two clock components never run simultaneously. Clocks can be analog or digital even though digital clocks are highly favored under USCF and FIDE rules. This is because most tournaments now include a time delay (countdown when the clock starts again) or add (extra time added before or after move) to their time control. Before the game starts, either the arbitrator decides, or anyone who plays Black, where the chess clock is placed.

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End of game

Checkmate

If a player of the king is placed in check and there is no legal step that the player can make to pass the examination, then the king is said to be , the game is over, and the player is defeated (Schiller 2003: 20-21). Unlike other works, the king was never really caught or removed from the board because the checks ended (Burgess 2009: 502).

The diagram shows an example of a position checkbox. The white king was threatened by the black queen; the square that can be moved by the king is also threatened; it can not catch the queen, because it will be checked by the castle.

Resign

One player can resign at any time and their opponent win the game. Players usually resign when they believe they are very likely to lose the game. A player can resign by saying it orally or by showing it on score sheet at one of three ways: (1) by writing "to resign", (2) by twirling the game result, or (3) by writing "1-0" if Black resigns or "0-1" if White resigns self (Schiller 2003: 21). Fighting the king also shows resignation, but it is not often used (and should be distinguished from the knocks of kings by accident). Stopping both hours is not an indication of resigning, because the clock can be stopped to call the arbitrator. The handshake offer is not necessarily a resignation, because one player can think that they approve the draw (Only 2014).

Interesting

The game ends in series if any of these conditions occur:

• The game automatically is a draw if the player to move is not checked but has no legal steps. This situation is called a dead end. Examples of such positions are shown in adjacent diagrams.
• The game is immediately withdrawn when there is no possibility of a match for both parties with any set of legal steps. This lottery is often due to insufficient material , including endgames
  • king against the king;
  • kings against kings and bishops;
  • kings against kings and knights;
  • kings and bishops against kings and bishops, with both bishops in squares of the same color (see Unlikely Group Couple # friends).
• Both players agree to a draw after one of the players makes such an offer.

The player performing such a step may claim the lucky draw by stating that one of the following conditions exists, or by declaring intent to create a motion which will bring one of these provisions:

• Fifty-step rule: None capture or move pion in five the last twenty steps by each player.
• Triple repetition: The same board position has occurred three times with the same player to move and all the pieces have the same rights to move, including the right to create a castle or capture en passant .

If the claim proves true, this game was taken (Schiller 2003: 21,26-28).

At one time, if a player can check the opponent's king constantly (ongoing inspection) and the player shows their intention to do so, the game is withdrawn. This rule is no longer valid; however, players will usually agree to draw in such situations, because either the rule of triple repetition or the fifty step rule will ultimately apply (Staunton 1847: 21-22), (Reinfeld 1954: 175).

Time control

A game played under the control of time will end up as a loss for players who use all the time given, unless the opponent is unlikely to check it (see Time section above). There are different types of time control. Players may have a fixed amount of time for the entire game or they may have to make a number of moves within a certain time. Also, a slight increase in time can be added for each movement performed.

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History

The rules of chess have evolved over the centuries of the game of chess played in India in the 6th century. For most of the time the rules vary from region to region. Modern rules first took shape in Italy during the 13th century, giving more mobility to pieces that previously had a more limited movement (such as queens and bishops). Such modified rules were incorporated into the accepted form during the late 15th century (Hooper & amp; Whyld 1992: 41,328) or early 16th century (Ruch 2004). The basic movements of kings, fortresses, and knights did not change. The Pawn originally had no option to move the two boxes in their first step and only be promoted to queen if they reached the eighth rank. The queen at first was fers or farzin , which could move one box diagonally in all directions. In European chess it becomes able to jump two boxes diagonally, forward, backward, or left or right in the first step; some areas also give this right to the newly promoted pawn. In Persian and Arabic games, the bishop is a p? L (Persian) or f? L (Arabic) (meaning "elephant") that moves two boxes diagonally with a jump (Davidson 1949: 13). In the Middle Ages the pawn can only be promoted to be equivalent to the queen (who at that time is the weakest part) if it reaches the eighth rank (Davidson 1949: 59-61). During the 12th century, boxes on the board sometimes alternated colors, and this became standard in the 13th century (Davidson 1949: 146).

Between 1200 and 1600 some laws emerged that drastically changed the game. Skakmat becomes a requirement to win; a player can not win by capturing all pieces of the opponent. The deadlock is added, although the results have changed several times (see History of the deadlock rule). Pawns get the option of moving two boxes in their first step, and the en passant rule is a natural consequence of the new option. Kings and castles acquire rights to the castle (see Variations throughout castle history for various versions of the rules).

Between 1475 and 1500 kings and bishops also gained their current moves, which made them stronger (Davidson 1949: 14-17). When all these changes are accepted, this game is basically a modern form (Davidson 1949: 14-17).

The rules for pawn promotions have changed several times. As stated above, initially the pawn can only be promoted to the queen, which at that time is a weak part. When the queen gains her steps now and becomes the most powerful part, the pawn can then be promoted to queen or castle, bishop, or knight. In the 18th century, rules only allowed promotion to the already taken part, e.g. the rule published in 1749 by FranÃÆ'§ois-Andrà ©  © Danican Philidor. In the 19th century, this restriction was lifted, allowing players to have more than one queen, e.g. 1828 rule by Jacob Sarratt (Davidson 1949: 59-61).

Two new rules on drawing were introduced, each of which has changed over the years:

• The repeat rule is added three times, although at some time up to six repetitions are required, and the exact conditions are set more clearly (see Repeat Triple # History).
• The fifty-step rule is also added. At various times, the number of required movements is different, such as 24, 60, 70, or 75. For several years in the 20th century, standard fifty steps are extended to one hundred moves for some specific endgames (see Fifty - move history rules).

Other groups of the new legislation include (1) touch-touch rules and the accompanying "j'adoube/adjust" rules; (2) that White moved first (in 1889); (3) council orientation; (4) procedures if illegal acts are committed; (5) procedure if the king is allowed to inspect some movements; and (6) issues related to the behavior of players and spectators. The Staunton chess set was introduced in 1849 and became the standard style piece. The size of the slice and square of the board is standard (Hooper & amp; Whyld 1992: 220-21, law, history).

Until the mid-19th century, chess games were played indefinitely. In the 1834 match between Alexander McDonnell and Louis-Charles MahÃÆ' © de La Bourdonnais, McDonnell took a great deal of time to move, sometimes up to 1½ hours. In 1836 Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant suggested a deadline, but no action was taken. At the 1851 London tournament, Staunton blamed his defeat in the match against Elijah Williams in Williams's slow game; one game was postponed for the day after just 29 movements. The following year the match between Daniel Harrwitz and Johann LÃÆ'¶wenthal used the limit of 20 minutes per step. The first use of the modern style deadline was in the 1861 match between Adolph Anderssen and Ignacio Kolisch (Sunnucks 1970: 459). ).

Codification

The publication of the first known chess rule was in a book by Luis RamÃÆ'rez de Lucena around 1497, shortly after the queen's movements, bishops, and pawns were transformed into their modern form (Only 2014). In the 16th and 17th centuries, there were disagreements about rules like castling, promotional pawn, deadlock, and en passant . Some of these differences existed until the 19th century (Harkness 1967: 3). Ruy LÃÆ'³pez de Segura rules the chess in his 1561 Libro de la invencion liberal y arte del juego del axedrez (Sunnucks 1970: 294).

When chess clubs appear and tournaments become common, there is a need to formalize the rules. In 1749 Philidor (1726-1795) wrote a widely used set of rules, as well as rules by later writers such as the 1828 rule by Jacob Sarratt (1772-1819) and the rule by George Walker (1803-1879). In the 19th century, many major clubs published their own rules, including The Hague in 1803, London in 1807, Paris in 1836, and St. In 1851 Howard Staunton (1810-1874) called for a "Constituent Assembly for the Remodeling of the Laws of Chess" and a proposal by Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa (1818-1889) published in 1854. Staunton has published the rules in Chess Player Handbook in 1847, and his new proposal was published in 1860 in Chatur Praxis ; they are generally accepted in English-speaking countries. German-speaking countries usually use the writings of chess authority Johann Berger (1845-1933) or Handbuch des Schachspiels by Paul Rudolf von Bilguer (1815-1840), first published in 1843.

In 1924, the FÃÆ' Â © dation Internationale des ÃÆ' â € ° checs (FIDE) was formed and in 1929 took the task of standardizing the rules. Initially FIDE tried to set a set of universal rules, but the translation to different languages ​​was slightly different. Although FIDE rules are used for international competition under their control, some countries continue to use their own rules internally (Hooper & Whyid 1992: 220-21). In 1952 FIDE created the Permanent Commission for Chess Regulation (also known as the Commission of Rules) and published a new edition of the rules. The third official edition of the law was published in 1966. The first three editions of the rule were published in French, with it as an official version. In 1974, FIDE published the English version of the rule (which was based on the official translation of 1955). With that edition, English became the official language of the regulation. Another edition was published in 1979. Throughout this time, the ambiguity in the law was handed over by the interpretation of the Commission's published Rules as a supplement and amendment. In 1982, the Rules Commission rewrote the law to include interpretations and amendments (FIDE 1989: 7-8). In 1984, FIDE ignored the idea of ​​a universal set of laws, although FIDE rules are the standard for high-level games (Hooper & Whyld 1992: 220-21). With the 1984 edition, FIDE implemented a four-year moratorium between the rule changes. Other editions were issued in 1988 and 1992 (FIDE 1989: 5), (New 2014).

FIDE national affiliate rules (such as US Chess Federation, or USCF) are based on FIDE rules, with slight variations (Only 2014). Kenneth Harkness published a popular rule book in the United States beginning in 1956, and the USCF continued to publish the rule book for use in sanctioned tournaments.

In 2008, FIDE added the Chess960 variant to the "Laws of Chess" attachment. Chess960 uses a random initial set of main pieces, with the condition that the king is placed somewhere between two rooks, and the bishop on the opposite color box. The castling rules are extended to cover all these positions.

In the 21st century, regulations on mobile phones have been included: see #Conduct.

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Variations

From time to time, rules have been introduced in certain tournaments to prevent players from agreeing to short draws. One example is the "no draw or resign for the first 30 steps" rules used in Classic Chess Classic 2009.

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See also

Source of the article : Wikipedia