Public spaces are places that are generally open and accessible to people. Roads (including sidewalks), public squares, parks and beaches are usually considered public spaces. To some extent, government buildings open to the public, such as public libraries are public spaces, though they tend to have restricted areas and larger limits when used. While not considered a public space, private buildings or visible properties of sidewalks and public roads can affect the public visual landscape, for example, with outdoor advertising. More recently, the concept of common space has been developed to enhance the pedestrian experience in public spaces shared by cars and other vehicles.
The public sphere has also become a kind of touchstone for critical theory in relation to philosophy, geography (urban), art, cultural studies, social studies, and urban design. The term 'public space' is also often misinterpreted as other things such as 'gathering place', which is an element of the broader concept of social space.
One of the earliest examples of public spaces is the common property. For example, there is no fee or paid ticket required to sign in. Non-government malls are an example of a 'private space' with a 'public space' look.
Video Public space
Public space usage
Right to public
In Nordic countries such as Norway, Sweden, Finland and Estonia, all natural areas are considered public spaces, because the law, which is allemansrÃÆ'¤tten (rights to public parts). Restrictions on state actions in public spaces in the United States
In the United States, the people's right to engage in speeches and assemble in public places may not be limited by federal or state governments. Governments usually can not restrict a person's conversation beyond what makes sense in the public sphere, which is considered a public forum (ie, screaming nicknames on passers-by can be stopped, advocating a person's religion may not). In private forums - that is, non-public, governments can control one's speech to a much greater degree; for example, protesting a person's objections to medical reform would not be tolerated in the United States Senate gallery. This is not to say that governments can control what people say in their own homes or others; can only control government property in this way. The concept of public forums is not limited to physical space or public property, for example, newspapers may be considered public forums, but see forums in the sense of law because the term has special meaning in US law.
Park, mall, beach, waiting room, etc., Can be closed at night. Because this does not exclude certain groups, it is generally not considered a limitation of public use. Entrance to a public park can not be restricted by user's residence.
Social norm in public space
In some cultures, there is no hope of privacy in the public sphere, but the lack of civil attention is a process by which individuals are able to maintain their privacy in the crowd.
Controversy regarding usage restrictions
Public spaces are generally shared and made for open use throughout the community, while private space is the property of an individual or company. This area is built for various types of recreation and entertainment. Physical arrangements are socially constructed, which create behavioral influences. Limitations are given in space to prevent certain actions from occurring - public behavior that is considered annoying or out of character (ie, consumption of drugs and alcohol, urination, indecent exposure, etc.) - and supported by law or regulation. Through the landscape and layout of public spaces, social construction is considered to be personally arranged by the implicit and explicit rules and expectations of the enforced space.
While it is generally assumed that everyone has the right to access and use the public space, as opposed to a private space that may have restrictions, there are some academic interests in how public spaces manage to exclude certain groups - especially homeless people and young people.
Steps taken to make the public space less attractive to them, including the removal or design of the bench to limit their use for sleep and rest, restrict access to certain times, lock the indoor area. Police are sometimes involved in moving 'undesirable' community members from the public sphere. In fact, in the absence of appropriate access, the disabled are implicitly excluded from some space.
As a site for democracy
Human geographers argue that apart from the exceptions that are part of the public sphere, it can still be understood as a site where democracy becomes possible. Geographer Don Mitchell has written extensively on the topic of public space and its relationship to democracy, using Henri Lefebvre's idea of ​​the right to town in articulating his argument. While democracy and public space do not fully coincide, it is the potential for their intersections that become politically important. Other geographers such as Gill Valentine have focused on performance and visibility in the public sphere, bringing the theater component or 'space of appearance' that is essential to the functioning of the democratic space.
Privatization
Publicly-owned public spaces , also known as public private spaces (POPOS) , are public spaces open to the public, but are owned by private entities. , usually commercial property developers. Conversion of publicly owned public spaces into privately owned public spaces is called privatization of the public sphere, and is a common result of rebuilding the city.
Starting around the 1960s, privatization of public spaces (especially in urban centers) has faced criticism from citizen groups such as the Open Spaces Society. Public-private partnerships have taken significant control of public parks and playgrounds through conservative groups established to manage what is deemed unmanageable by public bodies. The corporate sponsor for public recreation areas is everywhere, providing an open space to the public in exchange for higher air rights. It facilitates the construction of tall buildings with private gardens.
In one of the newer US incarnations of private-public partnerships, business improvement districts (BIDs), private organizations are allowed to impose taxes on local businesses and retail establishments so that they can provide specialized personal services such as police and increased surveillance, waste removal, or renovation of roads, all of which were once under the control of public funds.
Public spaces
The wider meaning of public space or place is also the place where everyone can come if they pay, such as cafes, trains or cinemas. The store is an example of what intermediaries are between two meanings: everyone can enter and look around without the obligation to buy, but activities that are not related to the store's purpose are not unlimited.
The hall and the street (including skyways) in the shopping mall can be declared as a public place and may be open when shops are closed. Likewise for the hall, train platform and public transport lounge; sometimes travel tickets are required. The public library is a public place. Trucks or truck stops are public spaces.
For this "semi-public" space, more stringent rules may apply than outside, e.g. on how to dress, trade, beg, advertising, photography, propaganda, riding a rollerskate, skateboard, Segway, etc.
Maps Public space
Public spaces in design theory
Public spaces, as a term and as a concept in design, are unstable. There are many conversations around what constitutes the public space, what role it plays, and how the design should approach and deal with it.
Historical shift
Historically, the public spaces in the west have been confined to the city center, plaza, church square, which is almost always engineered around the central monument, which informs the space program. These spaces act as 'public property' of the people; the political, social and cultural arena. Of the thirteen colonies that became the United States, three were comprehensively planned with integrated physical, social, and economic elements. The colonies planned in Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Georgia place an emphasis on public space, especially the public square. The plan for Georgia, known as the Oglethorpe Plan, created a unique design in which public squares were created for each ward of forty dwellings and four commercial or commercial lands. The design has been preserved in Savannah's historic district.
Habermas's concept of JÃÆ'¼rgen about the public sphere links his emergence with the development of democracy. A good example is the New Deal projects. The New Deal is a brief period in the US under the reign of Franklin Delano Roosevelt that generates a large amount of public works in economic efforts to improve employment during depression. The result, however, is more than this. They are a legacy of the so-called cultural infrastructure that underlies American public space. New Deal projects have been credited with a significant contribution to the quality of American life and fostered unity among all aspects of society. It has recently been argued, however, that the democratic ideals of public life through the use of public spaces have deteriorated. As our cities accelerate toward segregation (social, economic, cultural, ethnic), the opportunities for public interaction are declining. John Chase wrote, "The importance of voluntary and compulsory participation in social life has been usurped by the awareness of the arbitrary nature of established cultural meanings and by the increasingly important role that the consumption of goods and services plays in the formation of individual identities."
Modern critics
Modern architectural critics complain about the 'lost narrative' in the public sphere. That is, modern society has withdrawn from public life used to inform the city center. Political and social needs, and forums for expression, are now accessible from home. This sentiment is reflected in the statements of Michael Sorkin and Mike Davis about the "end of public space" and "the destruction of any truly democratic urban space." The other side of the debate, however, argues that those who apply meaning to the public sphere, wherever it is. It has been argued that the concepts of public, space, democracy, and citizenship are being redefined by people through life experiences. Discussions have surfaced around the idea that, historically, public space has inherently contradicted in an ever-exclusive way in which has been able to participate. This has led to "counter-public", as identified by Nancy Fraser, to build their own public spaces to respond to their own problems. These spaces are in constant flux, and in response, its users restructure and reinterpret the physical space. An example is in the African-American neighborhood, Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles. Here, the parking lot has evolved into a scene of intense commercial and social activity. The locals gather here to meet and socialize, sell and consume goods. This example has been used to illustrate that the historical ideals of public space remain around monuments unfit for contemporary social variety as "no single physical space can represent a fully inclusive 'space of democracy'.
Art in public spaces
This feeling of change and change informs how contemporary public art has evolved. The temporal art in the public sphere has long been practiced. But the presence of public art has become increasingly prevalent and important in our contemporary cities. Temporal public art is very important because of its ability to respond, reflect, and explore the inhabited context. Patricia Phillips describes "the social desire for a contemporary and timely art, which responds and reflects the temporal and indirect context." Public art is an arena for the investigation, exploration and articulation of dense and diverse public landscapes. Public art asks its audience to reflect again, experience back, look back, and revive. In the field of design, a heavy focus has shifted to the city as it needs to find new and inspired ways to reuse, rebuild and recreate the city, step by step with a refreshing interest in reviving our cities for a sustainable future. Contemporary design has become obsessed with the need to save the modern city from an industrialized, commercial, and urban death bed.
Approaching urban design
The contemporary perception of public space has now branched out and grown into many non-traditional sites with various programs in mind. For this reason the way in which design relates to the public sphere as a discipline, has become a field that is so diverse and indeterminate.
Iris Aravot put forward an interesting approach to urban design process, with the idea of ​​'myths'. Aravot argues that "conventional analysis and problem-solving methods produce fragmentation... from the authentic experience of the city... [and] something of liveliness of the city as a single entity lost." The process of developing narratives in urban design involves the analysis and understanding of unique aspects of local culture based on Cassirer's five distinctive "symbolic forms". They are myth and religion, art, language, history, and science; aspects that are often overlooked by professional practice. Aravot argues that the narratives "impose meaning specifically on what is still inexplicable", ie the essence of a city.
Notes and references
See also
Bibliography
- Illegal becomes Homeless. National Coalition for the Homeless (2004).
- Maasik, Sonia, and Jack Solomon. Signs of Life in the US Readings on Popular Culture for Authors. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin, 2006.
- Malone, K. "Children, Youth and Sustainable Cities". Local Environment 6 (1).
- "Conclusions from the International Seminar on Space Planning Used Collectively in Cities", at: Monumentum (Louvain), Vol. 18-19, 1979, p. 129-135.
External links
- Media related to Public spaces on Wikimedia Commons
- The European Archives of Urban Public Spaces
- Project for Public Space
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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