Aaron Burr Jr. (February 6, 1756 - September 14, 1836) was an American politician. He was the third Vice President of the United States (1801-1805), serving during Thomas Jefferson's first term.
Burr served as a Continental Army officer in the Revolutionary War, after which he became a successful lawyer and politician. He was elected twice to the New York State Council (1784-1785, 1798-1799), appointed New York State Attorney General (1789-1791), elected as US senator (1791-1797), from New State. York, and reached the pinnacle of his career as vice president.
The culmination of Burr's tenure as president of the Senate, one of his official duties as vice president, was the first trial of the Senate's impeachment, the Supreme Court, Samuel Chase. In 1804, the last full year of his tenure as vice president, Burr shot his political opponent, Alexander Hamilton, in a famous duel. Burr never tries to duel illegally, and all charges against him are ultimately canceled, but Hamilton's death ends Burr's political career.
After leaving Washington, Burr traveled west to seek new opportunities, both economic and political. His activities eventually led to his arrest on treason charges in 1807. The subsequent trial resulted in the release, but the western Burr scheme left him with huge debts and some influential friends. In his last quest for a great opportunity, he left the United States to Europe. He remained abroad until 1812, when he returned to the United States to practice law in New York City. There he spent the rest of his life in relative obscurity.
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Aaron Burr Jr. born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1756 as the second son of Reverend Aaron Burr Sr., a Presbyterian minister and second president of the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University). His mother, Esther Burr (nÃÆ' Â © e Edwards) is the daughter of renowned theologian Jonathan Edwards and his wife Sarah. Burr has Sarah's older brother ("Sally"), named for his maternal grandmother. He later married Tapping Reeve, founder of Litchfield Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut.
Burr's father died in 1757, and his mother the following year, leaving him and his sister orphan when she was two years old. He and his sister first lived with their maternal grandparents, but Sarah Edwards also died in 1757, and Jonathan Edwards in 1758. A young Harun and Sally were placed with the William Shippens family in Philadelphia. In 1759, the guardianship of the children was assumed by the uncle of their 21-year-old mother Timothy Edwards. The following year, Edwards married Rhoda Ogden and moved with the children to Elizabeth, New Jersey, near his family. Rhoda's younger brothers Aaron Ogden and Matthias Ogden became the boy's playmate. The three boys, together with their neighbor, Jonathan Dayton, formed a group of surviving friends.
Burr was admitted to Princeton as a second-year student at the age of 13, having previously applied a failure at the age of 11. In addition to intensive studies, he joined the American Whig Society and Cliosophic Society, two competing literary and debate societies on campus.. Burr received his Bachelor of Arts in 1772, at the age of 16. He continued to study theology at Princeton for an additional year.
Burr then conducted a strict theological training with Joseph Bellamy, a Presbyterian, but changed his career path after two years. At age 19, he moved to Connecticut to study law with his brother-in-law Tapping Reeve, who married Burr's sister in 1771. News of clashes with British troops at Lexington and Concord reached Litchfield in 1775, and Burr placed his studies. detained and registered in the Continental Army.
Revolutionary War
During the Revolutionary War, Burr took part in the expedition of Colonel Benedict Arnold to Quebec, a difficult journey of more than 300 miles (480 km) through the border of what is now called Maine. Arnold was deeply impressed by Burr's "passion and resolution" during the long march. When their troops reached Quebec City, he sent Burr to the Saint Lawrence River to contact General Richard Montgomery, who had taken Montreal, and drove him to Quebec. Montgomery then promotes Burr to the captain and makes it a help camp. Burr distinguishes himself during the Battle of Quebec, where he is rumored to have tried to recover Montgomery's body after the General was shot.
In the spring of 1776, the half brother of Burr Mathias Ogden helped him to find a place at George Washington's staff in Manhattan. However, Burr quit within two weeks on June 26, wanting to be on the battlefield; there is more honor to be found in the area than in the "petty commander's staff world," according to historian Nancy Isenberg. Israeli General Putnam took Burr under his wing. Burr rescued the entire brigade from the capture after the British landings in Manhattan by his vigilance in a retreat from Manhattan to Harlem. In departure from common practice, Washington failed to praise Burr's actions in the General Order the following day (the fastest way to get promotion in the rankings). Burr has become a nationally known hero, but he has never received a compliment. According to Ogden, Burr was furious with the incident, which may have caused a rift between him and Washington. However, Burr defended Washington's decision to evacuate New York as "an important consequence." Not until the 1790s, the two men found themselves opposed, in the political sphere.
Burr was promoted to lieutenant colonel in July 1777 and assumed to be the virtual leader of the Additional Continent Malcolm Regiment. There are about 300 people under the nominal command of Colonel William Malcolm. The regiment managed to fight off many night raids into the center of New Jersey by British troops arriving with water from Manhattan. Later that year, Burr led a small contingent during a harsh winter camp in the Valley Forge, guarding the "Gulf," an isolated track that controlled one approach to the camp. Burr implements discipline, defeating an attempted rebellion by some troops.
The Burr Regiment was destroyed by British artillery on June 28, 1778, at the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey and, during the day, he suffered a heat attack. In January 1779, he was assigned to Westchester County as the commander of the Malcolm Regiment, an area between the British post in Kingsbridge and the American territory about 15 miles (24 km) north. This district is part of the larger General General Alexander McDougall's command, and there is much turmoil and looting by a disobedient group of rebels or devoted sympathizers, and by invading undisciplined soldiers from both armies.
Burr resigned from the Continental Army in March 1779 because of his poor health and renewed his legal studies. Technically, he is no longer serving, but he remains active in war; he was commissioned by General Washington to carry out occasional intelligence missions for Continental generals, such as Arthur St. Clair. On July 5, 1779, he assembled a group of Yale students in New Haven, along with Captain James Hillhouse and Second Connecticut Governors Foot Guard, in a battle with the English on the West River. British progress was repulsed, forcing them into New Haven from Hamden.
Despite this activity, Burr completed his studies and was admitted to a bar in Albany in 1782. He married in the same year; he began practicing law in New York City the following year, after the British evacuated the city. He and his wife lived for the next few years in a house on Wall Street in Lower Manhattan.
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First marriage and family
Theodosia Burr
In 1782, Burr married Theodosia Bartow Prevost (1746-1794), a widow with five children who were ten years older than him, and lived with him in Philadelphia. Her first husband was Jacques Marcus Prevost, a British Army officer from Switzerland, with whom he lived at The Hermitage in New Jersey. Jacques Prevost died in the West Indies during the Revolutionary War. Theodosia Burr died in 1794 stomach cancer.
The Burros's daughter, Theodosia, was born in 1783 and named after her mother; she is their only child surviving to adulthood. Burr provides education for his daughter in classical languages, languages, horseback riding, and music, and he became widely known for his education and achievements. In 1801, he married Joseph Alston of South Carolina. They had a son, who died of fever at the age of ten. During the winter of 1812-1813, Theodosia disappeared with the Carolina Patriot schooner, either killed by a pirate or a shipwreck in a storm.
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Burr acts as the father of two teenage children from his wife's first marriage, Augustine James Frederick Prevost (called Frederick), and John Bartow Prevost. Burr is provided for their education, giving them both administrative officers in his law office, and is often accompanied by one of them as an assistant when he travels on business. John Bartow Prevost was later appointed by Thomas Jefferson to the judicial post in the Orleans Region as the first judge of what became the Louisiana Supreme Court.
From 1794 to 1801, during the childhood of Theodosia, Burr served as a guardian for Nathalie de Lage de Volude, the daughter of a French admiral of a noble family, brought to New York for the salvation of the French Revolution by his caregiver, Caroline de Senate. Burr opened his home for them, allowing the Senate Lady to teach private students there with Theodosia. Nathalie became a close friend and friend to Burr's daughter, Theodosia, and later married the son of General Thomas Sumter. Her husband, Thomas Sumter Jr., served in Rio de Janeiro from 1810 to 1819 as an American ambassador to Portugal during the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil, and his son, Thomas De Lage Sumter, was a congressman from South Carolina.
In the 1790s, Burr also brought the painter John Vanderlyn into his home as a protà © à © gà ©  © and gave him financial support and patronage for twenty years. Burr arranged Vanderlyn training by Gilbert Stuart in Philadelphia, and sent him in 1796 to the ÃÆ' â € ° cole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, where he lived for six years.
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It is believed that Burr was also the father of two illegitimate children during his first marriage, with an East Indian woman working as a servant or caregiver in Burr's household in Philadelphia. According to the family history of descent, the woman is named Mary Emmons or Eugene Beauharnais, and she is from Calcutta to Haiti or Saint-Domingue, where she lived and worked before being taken to Philadelphia, perhaps by Jacques Prevost, Theodosia's first Husband. Her two sons married the Philadelphia-free African-American community of Philadelphia, where their family became prominent:
- Louisa Charlotte Burr (born 1788) works most of her life as a housemaid at Mrs Elizabeth Powel's house Francis Fisher, a leading Philadelphia community warden who is closely associated with the oldest Philadelphia family, and later at Mrs Fisher's son's home, a prominent Philadelphia businessman Joshua Francis Fisher. He married Francis Webb (1788-1829), founding member of the Pennsylvania Augustine Education Society, secretary of the Haytien Emigration Society established in 1824, and the distributor of Freedom's Journal from 1827 to 1829. After the Death of Francis Webb, Louisa remarried and became Louisa Darius. His youngest son, Frank J. Webb, wrote the 1857 novel The Garies and Their Friends, the second novel published by an African-American writer.
- John Pierre Burr
1792 -1864) grew into an active member of the Philadelphia Underground Railroad. He also serves as an agent for the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, working in the National Black Conventions movement, and serves as Chairman of the American Moral Reform Society.
In addition to the oral family history, at least one contemporary of John Pierre Burr identifies him as a natural Burr boy in a published account. The surviving Burr letters and documents do not provide evidence of women matching the description of Mary or Eugene, and did not mention or offend Louisa or Jean Pierre. No source indicates that Burr recognizes them as his children, in contrast to his adoption or recognition of other children born later in life.
Politics
Early and legal political career
Burr was presented to the New York State Assembly from 1784 to 1785. In addition, he continued his military service as a lieutenant colonel and regimental commander in the militia brigade commissioned by William Malcolm. He became seriously involved in politics in 1789, when George Clinton appointed him as New York Attorney General. He was also the Commissioner of the Claims of the Revolutionary War in 1791. In 1791, he was elected by the legislature as US Senator from New York, defeating the petahana, General Philip Schuyler. He served in the Senate until 1797.
Burr ran for president in the 1796 election, ranks fourth with 30 votes behind John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Pinckney. (At that time members of the electoral body voted for two ballot papers but did not name an office.The first overall determinant became president and second vice president they did not run with 'tickets' and was often opposed.) Shocked by his defeat, as he believing he had arranged with Jefferson's supporters for their vote for him as well, in exchange for Burr's work to get New York's voter vote for Jefferson. But many Democratic-Republican voters chose Jefferson and no one else, or for Jefferson and a candidate other than Burr.
During the next presidential election in 1800, Jefferson and Burr again became presidential and vice presidential candidates. Jefferson ran with Burr instead of the last one working to get New York voter votes for Jefferson.
Burr is active in various clubs and the Democrats. "Aaron Burr defended democratic clubs and was listed as a member of the New York Democratic Society in 1798." Although Alexander Hamilton and Burr have long been in good personal condition, Burr's defeat to General Schuyler, Hamilton's father-in-law, probably pushed the first big slices into their friendship. Their relationship deteriorated and worsened. (See Burr-Hamilton duel article for more details.)
After Washington was appointed commander of US forces by President John Adams in 1798, he rejected the Burr app for the brigadier-general commission during Quasi-War with France. Washington wrote, "With everything I've heard and heard, Colonel Burr is a brave and capable officer, but the question is whether he has no equal talent in intrigue." John Adams, whose enmity to Alexander Hamilton was a legend, then wrote in 1815 that Washington's response was surprising given his promotion of Hamilton, described by Adams as "the most agitated, impatient, artsy, tireless, and immoral person in America Unions, if not in the world, to be second under command, and now [Washington] fear an intriguer in a poor brigadier. "
Bored with the inactivity of the new US Senate, Burr ran for election to the New York State Assembly, serving from 1798 until 1799. During this time, he worked with the Dutch Land Company in obtaining legal endorsement to allow the aliens to hold and deliver the land. During John Adams's term of office as president, the national parties became clearly defined. Gerinda is linked to the Democratic-Republican Party, although he has a moderate federalist ally, like Senator Jonathan Dayton of New Jersey.
New York City Politics
Burr quickly became a key player in New York politics, stronger in time than Hamilton. This was mainly due to the power of the Tammany Society, which later became Tammany Hall. Burr turns him from a social club into a political machine, especially in crowded New York City, to help Jefferson reach the presidency.
In 1799, Burr founded the Bank of the Manhattan Company. In subsequent years, it was absorbed into Chase Manhattan Bank, which in turn became part of JPMorgan Chase. In September 1799, Burr fought with John Barker Church, whose wife, Angelica, was the sister of Hamilton's wife Elizabeth. The Church has alleged that Burr has accepted a bribe from the Dutch Company in return for using his political influence on his behalf. Burr and the Church shoot and escape each other, and then the Church admits that she was wrong for accusing Burr without evidence. Burr accepts this as an apology, and the two men shake hands and end the dispute.
Hostilities between Hamilton and Burr may arise from how he founded the bank. Burr asks Hamilton and other Federalist support under the cover of establishing a much-needed water company for Manhattan. However, Burr secretly changed the charter to include banking; Shortly after his approval, he refused to establish a water company. Hamilton and other supporters believe the Burrs act with disrespect in deceiving them. Because of Burr's manipulation, there was a delay in building a safe water system for Manhattan. This is likely to contribute to additional mortality during subsequent malaria epidemics.
Burr's Manhattan Company is more than a bank - it's a tool to promote Republican power and influence, and its loans are directed at partisans. By giving credit to the small entrepreneur, who then acquires enough property to get the franchise, the bank is able to increase party voters. The federalist bankers in New York responded by trying to arrange a loan boycott of Republican businessmen. The absence of escalation increases.
The presidential election of 1800
In 1800 the city's election, Burr combined the political influence of the Manhattan Company with innovative party campaigns to provide New York support for Jefferson. In 1800, the New York state legislature was to vote for presidential voters, as they had in 1796 (for John Adams). Before the April 1800 legislative elections, the State Assembly was controlled by the Federalists. New York City elects members of the assembly on a large scale. Burr and Hamilton are the main campaigners for each side. Burr's Republican ranks for New York City were elected, providing party control over the legislature, which in turn cast New York voters to Jefferson and Burr. This makes another wedge between Hamilton and Burr.
Burr enlisted the help of Tammany Hall to win a vote for the Electoral College delegation. He got a seat on the Democratic-Republican presidency ticket in the 1800 election with Jefferson. Although Jefferson and Burr won New York, he and Burr were tied for the presidency as a whole, with each of the 73 electoral votes. Members of the Democratic-Republican Party understand that they think that Jefferson should be Burr's president and vice president, but the bound vote requires that the final election be made by the House of Representatives, with each of the 16 nations having one vote, and nine votes. required for election.
The public, Burr remained silent, and refused to give up the post of president to Jefferson, the enemy of the Federalists. Rumors circulated that Burr and the Federalist faction encouraged Republican representatives to vote for him, blocking Jefferson's election in the House. However, strong evidence of such conspiracy is lacking and historians generally give Burr the benefit of the doubt. But in 2011, historian Thomas Baker discovered a previously unknown letter from William P. Van Ness to Edward Livingston, two prominent Republican figures in New York. Van Ness is very close to Burr - serving as second in two later with Hamilton. As a leading Republican, Van Ness secretly supported the Federalist's plan to elect Burr as president and try to make Livingston join. Livingston had apparently agreed at first, then turned around. Baker argues that Burr may support Van Ness's plan: "There is an interesting pattern of indirect evidence, many newly discovered, which strongly suggest Aaron Burr do so as part of a tacit campaign to guide the presidency for himself." The effort was unsuccessful, partly due to the reversal of Livingston, but rather to Hamilton's energetic opposition to Burr. Jefferson was elected president, and vice president of Burr.
Vice presidency
Burr was never trusted by Jefferson. He was effectively shut out of party problems. As Vice President, Burr was praised by several enemies for his fair justice and his trial as the President of the Senate; he cultivated several traditions for a long-respected office. The manner of the Burr courts in leading the impeachment court of Justice Samuel Chase has been credited as helping to maintain the principle of judicial independence established by Marbury v. Madison in 1803. One newspaper wrote that Burr had done the process with "the impartiality of an angel, but with the severity of the devil".
Burr's farewell speech in March 1805 moved some of his most violent critics in the Senate to the point of shedding tears. But it was never fully recorded, and has been preserved only in short excerpts and address descriptions, which defend the US system of government.
Duel with Alexander Hamilton
When it became clear that Jefferson was going to knock Burr off his ticket in the 1804 election, the Vice President ran for New York Governor. Burr lost the election to little-known Morgan Lewis, in what was the biggest loss margin in New York's history up to that time. Burr blames his defeat for a private grossing campaign believed to have been set up by his rivals, including New York Governor George Clinton. Alexander Hamilton also opposed Burr, for his belief that Burr had entertained the Federalist secessionist movement in New York. In April, the Albany Register published a letter from Dr. Charles D. Cooper to Philip Schuyler, who conveyed Hamilton's assessment that Burr was "a dangerous man, and a man who should not be trusted with the control of the government," and admitted to know of "a far more disparaging opinion that General Hamilton had expressed about Mr. Burr ". In June, Burr sent this letter to Hamilton, searching for affirmation or rejection of Cooper's characterization of Hamilton's comments.
Hamilton replied that Burr had to give Hamilton a specific account, not Cooper. He says he can not answer about Cooper's interpretation. Several more letters followed, in which the increased exchange to Burr demanded that Hamilton retract or deny any statement that undermines Burr's honor for the last 15 years. Hamilton, who has been humiliated by the adulterous scandal of Maria Reynolds and is aware of her reputation and honor, no. According to historian Thomas Fleming, Burr will soon publish such apologies, and the rest of Hamilton's power in the Federalist Party of New York will be reduced. Burr responded by challenging Hamilton to a duel, a personal battle under rules formalized for duel, duello code.
Duel has been banned in New York; punishment for duel is death. It's illegal in New Jersey too, but the consequences are less severe. On July 11, 1804, enemies met outside Weehawken, New Jersey, in the same spot where Hamilton's eldest son died in a duel just three years earlier. Both men were fired, and Hamilton was badly wounded by a shot just above the hip.
Observers disagree on who fired first. They agree that there is a three to four second pause between the first and second shots, which raises a difficult question in evaluating both versions of the camp. Historian William Weir speculates that Hamilton may have been weakened by his own intrigue: secretly setting his gun trigger to take only half a pound of pressure compared to the usual 10 pounds. Burr, Weir argued, most likely did not know that the pressure of the trigger gun can be reset. Louisiana State University history professors Nancy Isenberg and Andrew Burstein agree with this. They noted that "Hamilton carries a gun, which has a barrel larger than a normal duel gun, and a secret hair trigger, and therefore much more deadly," and concludes that "Hamilton gave himself an unfair advantage in their duel, and got the worst of the. "
David O. Stewart, in his biography of Burr, American Emperor , notes that reports of Hamilton deliberately missing Burr with his shot began to be published in a newspaper report in a friendly newspaper to Hamilton only in the days afterwards. his death. But Ron Chernow, in his biography, Alexander Hamilton , said Hamilton told many friends long before dueling his intentions to avoid shooting at Burr. In addition, Hamilton wrote a number of letters, including the Declaration of Duel Contrary to Aaron Burr and his last message to his wife dated before the duel, which also proved his intent. Two shots, witnesses reported, followed each other in sequence, and no witness could approve who fired first. Before the proper duel, Hamilton took a lot of time to get used to the taste and weight of the gun (which had been used in a duel on the same Weehawken site where his 19-year-old son had died), and wearing his glasses to see his opponent more clearly. The seconds put Hamilton so that the Burr would have the sun rise behind him, and during a brief duel, one witness reported, Hamilton seemed blocked by this placement when the sun was in his eyes.
In any event, Hamilton's shot missed Burr, but Burr's shot injured Hamilton fatally. The bullet entered Hamilton's abdomen over his right hip, piercing the heart and spine of Hamilton. Hamilton was evacuated to Manhattan; he lies in a friend's house, accepts visitors including the priest, to be baptized before he dies the next day. Burr was charged with various crimes, including murders, in New York and New Jersey, but never attempted in any of the jurisdictions.
He fled to South Carolina, where his daughter lived with his family, but soon returned to Philadelphia and then to Washington to finish his term as Vice President. He avoided New York and New Jersey for a while, but all allegations against him were finally canceled. In the case of New Jersey, the indictment was thrown on the ground that, although Hamilton was shot in New Jersey, he died in New York.
Conspiracy and trial
After Burr left the Vice President at the end of his tenure in 1805, he traveled to the Western border, the area west of the Allegheny Mountains and down the Ohio River Valley finally reaching the land acquired in Louisiana Purchase. Burr has rented 40,000 acres (16,000 ha) of land - known as the Bastrop Tract - along the Ouachita River, in Louisiana, from the Spanish government. Started in Pittsburgh and then went on to Beaver, Pennsylvania, and Wheeling, Virginia, and so on he stirred support for his plan.
His most important contacts were General James Wilkinson, Commander of the US Army in New Orleans and the Governor of the Louisiana Region. Others include Harman Blennerhassett, which offers the use of his private island for Burr's training and expedition equipment. Wilkinson later proved to be a bad choice.
Burr sees war with Spain as a different possibility. In the case of the declaration of war, Andrew Jackson is ready to help Burr, who will be in a position to join soon. The Burr expedition of about eighty people carried simple weapons for hunting, and no material material ever uncovered. , even when Blennerhassett Island was confiscated by the Ohio militia. His "conspiracy", he always confesses, is that if he settled there with a large group of armed "peasants" and war broke out, he would have an army that could be used to fight and claim land for himself, thus regaining his wealth.. However, the 1819 Adams-Ona Agreement ensured Florida to the United States without resistance, and the war in Texas did not occur until 1836, the year Burr died.
After a close incident with Spanish troops at Natchitoches, Wilkinson decided he could serve his conflicting interests by betraying Burr's plans to President Jefferson and to his Spanish paymasters. Jefferson issued Burr's arrest warrant, declaring him a traitor before the indictment. Burr read this in a newspaper in the Territory of Orleans on January 10, 1807. The Jefferson order placed a Federal agent in his path. Burr twice surrendered himself to the Federal authorities. Two judges found his actions legitimate and released him.
Jefferson's warrant, however, followed Burr, who escaped to Florida Spain. He was intercepted in Wakefield, in the Mississippi Region (now in the state of Alabama), on February 19, 1807. He was confined in Fort Stoddert after being arrested on charges of treason.
Burr's secret correspondence with Anthony Merry and the Marquis of Casa Yrujo, British and Spanish ministers in Washington, was finally revealed. He has been trying to secure the money and hide his original design, which helped Mexico overthrow the power of Spain in the Southwest. Burr intended to establish dynasties in an area that used to be the territory of Mexico. This is a minor offense, based on the Neutrality Act of 1794, which Congress endorsed to block a filibuster expedition against US neighbors, such as George Rogers Clark and William Blount. Jefferson, however, sought the highest allegations against Burr.
In 1807, Burr was brought to court on treason charges in front of the US Circuit in Richmond, Virginia. His defense lawyers include Edmund Randolph, John Wickham, Luther Martin, and Benjamin Gaines Botts. Burr has been tried four times for treason before the grand jury accuses him. The only physical evidence presented to the Grand Jury was a letter called Wilkinson of Burr, who proposed the idea of ​​stealing land in Louisiana Purchase. During the jury examination, the court found that the letter was written in Wilkinson's own handwriting. He says he has made a copy because he has lost the original. The grand jury threw the letter as evidence, and the news made a public laugh for the rest of the process.
The trial, led by US Supreme Court Justice John Marshall, begins on Aug. 3. Article 3, Section 3 of the Constitution of the United States requires that treason be accepted in open court, or proven by concrete action witnessed by two persons.. Since no two witnesses were advancing, Burr was released on September 1, despite the full power of Jefferson's political influence directed against him. Burr immediately tried on charges of abuse and was once again released.
Given that Jefferson uses his influence as president in an attempt to gain confidence, trials are a great test of the Constitution and the concept of separation of powers. Jefferson challenged the authority of the Supreme Court, in particular Supreme Court Justice Marshall, an appointed Adams who clashed with Jefferson over John Adams' last judicial promises at the last minute. Jefferson believed that Burr's betrayal was clear. Burr sent a letter to Jefferson in which he stated that he could do a lot of damage to Jefferson. The case as it was attempted was decided whether Aaron Burr was present at certain events at certain times and in certain capacities. Thomas Jefferson used all of his influence to make Marshall the convict, but Marshall was not affected.
Historians Nancy Isenberg and Andrew Burstein wrote that Burr:
innocent of betrayal, he has never been punished, for there is no evidence, no reliable testimony, and star witnesses to the prosecution must admit that he has falsified a letter implying Burr.
David O. Stewart, on the other hand, insists that while Burr is not explicitly guilty of treason by Marshall's definition, there is evidence linking him to the crime of betrayal. For example, Bollman confessed to Jefferson during an interrogation that Burr plans to collect soldiers and attack Mexico. He said that Burr believed he should be king of Mexico, because the republican government is not right for the Mexicans. Many historians believe that the extent of Burr's involvement may never be known.
Exile and back
With the conclusion of his trial for treason, despite a free decision, all Burr's hopes for political return have vanished, and he fled from America and his creditors for Europe. Dr. David Hosack, Hamilton's doctor and a friend of Hamilton and Burr, borrowed Burr's money for a boat trip.
Burr lived in exile from 1808 to 1812, passing through most of this period in England, where he occupied a house on Craven Street in London. He became a good friend, even a believer, from the British Utilitarian philosopher, Jeremy Bentham, and sometimes lived at Bentham's house. He also spends time in Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, and France. Always hope, he asked for funds to renew his plans to conquer Mexico, but was rejected. He was ordered out of England and Napoleon Bonaparte refused to accept it, though one of his ministers held an interview on Burr destinations for Spanish Florida or British property in the Caribbean.
After returning from Europe, Burr uses the surname "Edwards", his mother's maiden name, for a while to avoid creditors. With the help of old friends Samuel Swartwout and Matthew L. Davis, Burr returned to New York and practiced law. Then he helped the heirs of the Eden family in a financial suit. In the early 1820s, the remaining members of the Eden family, Eden's widow and two daughters, had become a substitute family for Burr.
Next life and death
Despite the financial decline, Burr lived the rest of his life in New York in relative peace, until 1833, when his second marriage failed after four months, immediately followed by medical difficulties.
The adopted and natural child
Burr adopts or recognizes two sons and two daughters at the end of his life, after the death of his daughter Theodosia: During the 1810s and 1820s, Burr adopted two sons, both known as his real sons: Aaron Burr Columbe (then Aaron Columbus Burr), who was born in Paris in 1808 and arrived in America around 1815, and Charles Burdett, born in 1814. A Burr biographer describes Aaron Columbus Burr as "the product of the Parisian adventure," allegedly during Burr's exile from the United States between 1808 and 1814.
Marry Eliza Jumel
On July 1, 1833, at the age of 77, Burr married Eliza Jumel, a wealthy widow who was 19 years younger. They stayed together briefly at his residence which he got with his first husband, the Morris-Jumel Mansion in the neighborhood of Washington Heights in Manhattan. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, this place is now preserved and opened to the public.
Immediately after the wedding, he realized his wealth was reduced by the loss of Burr land speculation. He split with Burr after four months of marriage. For his divorce lawyer, he chose Alexander Hamilton Jr., and the divorce was officially completed on September 14, 1836, by chance on the day of Burr's death.
Death
The Burr had a debilitating stroke in 1834, which prevented him from moving. In 1836, Burr died at Staten Island in the village of Port Richmond, in a boarding house which became known as St. James Hotel. She is buried near her father in Princeton, New Jersey.
Character
Aaron Burr is a complex character who makes many friends, but also many powerful enemies. He is probably the most controversial of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was indicted for murder after Hamilton's death, but was never charged; he was reported by his acquaintance to be curious who was not moved by Hamilton's death, declaring no regrets for his role in the outcome. He was arrested and charged for treason by President Jefferson, but was released. His contemporaries often remained suspicious of Burr's motives until the end of his life, continuing to view him as unbelievable at least since his role in the establishment of Bank of Manhattan.
In his final years in New York, Burr provides money and education for some children, some of whom are considered as his own children. To his friends and family, and often to complete strangers, he can be kind and generous. The struggling poet's wife, Sumner Lincoln Fairfield, notes in her autobiography that in the late 1820s, their friend Burr pawned her watch to provide care for both Fairfield's children. Jane Fairfield wrote that, while traveling, she and her husband left children in New York with their grandmother, who proved unable to provide enough food or heat for them. The grandmother took the children to Burr's house and asked for her help: "[Burr] cried, and replied, 'Even though I am poor and have no dollars, the children of such mothers will not suffer when I have hours.' He rushed to this god-like task, and quickly returned, after mortgaging the article for twenty dollars, which he gave to comfort my precious girls. "
By the Fairfield account, Burr had lost his religious faith before that time; when looking at the painting of Christ's suffering, Burr honestly told him, "It is a fairy tale, my son, there never was such a creature."
Burr believes women are intellectually the same as men, and hang a portrait of Mary Wollstonecraft on her shelf. The Burrs, Theodosia's daughter, is taught to dance, music, multiple languages, and learn to shoot from horseback. Until his death at sea in 1813, he remained faithful to his father. Not only did Burr advocate education for women, after his election to the New York State Legislature, he proposed a bill to allow women to vote.
In contrast, Burr is regarded as a notorious woman. In addition to fostering relationships with women in her social environment, Burr's private journal suggests that she often became prostitutes during her travels in Europe; he recorded a short note about dozens of such meetings, and the amount he paid. He described "sexual as the only remedy for anxiety and irritability".
In 1784 as a member of New York state parliament, Burr was unsuccessful in attempting to abolish slavery immediately after the American Revolutionary War. The legislature in 1799 finally abolished slavery in New York. John Quincy Adams wrote in his diary when Burr died: "Burr life, uniting everything, as in any country with good morals, his friends will want to bury in calm serenity." Adams's father, President John Adams, has often defended Burr throughout his life. Earlier, he wrote, Burr "had served in the army, and came out of it with the character of a fearless knight and a capable officer."
Gordon S. Wood, a prominent scholar of the revolutionary period, argues that it is a Burr character that makes it at odds with the rest of the "founders", especially Madison, Jefferson, and Hamilton. He believed that this led to personal and political defeat and, finally, to his place outside the golden circle of respected revolutionary figures. Because Burr's custom puts personal interests above the overall good, the people think that Burr represents a serious threat to the ideals they are fighting for in the revolution. Their ideals, especially those embodied in Washington and Jefferson, are "uninterested politics," a government led by educated men who will fulfill their duties in the spirit of public good and regardless of personal interests or activities. This is the essence of an Enlightenment man, and Burr's political enemy thinks he does not have that core point. Hamilton thought that Burr's self-serving nature made him unfit to hold office, especially the presidency.
Although Hamilton considers Jefferson a political enemy, he believes him to be a man of public good. Hamilton conducts an incessant campaign in the House of Representatives to prevent the election of Burr into the presidency and get the election of his old foe, Jefferson. Hamilton characterizes Burr as something very immoral, "no principled... voluptuary", and considers his political quest a "permanent force". He estimates that if Burr gains power, his leadership will be for personal gain, but Jefferson is committed to preserving the Constitution.
Legacy
Although Burr is often remembered especially for his duel with Hamilton, the formation of guidelines and rules for the first impeachment trial set a high bar for the behavior and procedures in the Senate room, much of which was followed today.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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