Montana Ã, ( listen ) is a state in the northwestern United States. Montana has several nicknames, though there is nothing official, including "Big Sky Country" and "The Treasure State", and slogans that include "The Land of the Cold Mountains" and recently "The Last Best Place".
Montana is the 4th largest, 8th largest population, and the third most populous population of 50 US states. The western part of Montana contains many mountains. Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total, 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains. The eastern part of Montana is characterized by prairie pastures west and barren land. Montana borders Idaho to the west, Wyoming to the south, North and South Dakota to the east, and Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan to the north.
The economy is primarily based on agriculture, including livestock and cereal grain farming. Other important economic resources include oil, gas, coal, hard stone mining, and timber. The health care, service, and government sectors are also important to the country's economy.
The fastest growing sector in the country is tourism. Nearly 13 million tourists annually visit Glacier National Park, Yellowstone National Park, Beartooth Highway, Flathead Lake, Big Sky Resort, and other attractions.
Video Montana
Etymology and naming history
The name Montana comes from the Spanish word MontaÃÆ' Â ± a and the Latin word Montana , which means "mountain", or wider, "mountain country". MontaÃÆ' Â ± a del Norte is the name given by the early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region in the west. The name Montana was added to the bill by the United States House Committee in the Territory, which was chaired at the time by Rep. James Ashley from Ohio, for the territory to be the Region of Idaho. The name was changed by Representatives Henry Wilson (Massachusetts) and Benjamin F. Harding (Oregon), who complained Montana had "no meaning". When Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary administration in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose the Montana Territory. This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also from Ohio, objected to that name. Cox complained that the name was a mistake considering that most of the area was not mountainous and that the original American name would be more precise than the Spanish name. Other names like Shoshone were suggested, but it was decided that the County Committee could name whatever they wanted, so the real name of Montana was adopted.
Maps Montana
Geography
Montana is one of nine Mountain Country, located in the northern region known as the Western United States. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east. Wyoming is in the south, Idaho is in the west and southwest, and three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, are in the north.
With an area of ​​147,040 square miles (380,800 km 2 ), Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest country in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California; it is the largest landlocked US state.
Topography
The country topography is roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which divides many countries into different eastern and western regions. Most of the 100 or so mountains named Montana are in the western part of the state, which is largely geologically and geographically part of the North Rocky Mountains. The Absaroka and Beartooth range in the south-central part of the state are technically part of the Central Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountain Front is a significant feature in the north-central part of the state, and a remote island range that disrupts the common grassland landscape in the central and eastern parts of the country. About 60 percent of the state is a grassland, part of the Great Plains in the north.
The Bitterroot Mountains - one of the longest continuous ranges in the Rocky Mountain chain from Alaska to Mexico - along with smaller ranges, including the Coeur d'Alene Mountains and the Cabinet Mountains, divides the country from Idaho. The southern third of the Bitterroot range integrates with the Continental Divide. Other major mountains to the west of the Divide include Cabinet Mountains, Anaconda Range, Mission, Garnet Range, Sapphire Mountains, and Flint Creek Range.
The northern divide, where the mountains quickly gave way to the meadows, was part of the Rocky Mountain Front. The front is most prominent in Lewis Range, located mainly in Glacier National Park. Because of the mountain configuration in Glacier National Park, the Northern Divide (which begins in Alaska's Seward Peninsula) crosses the area and turns east in Montana at the Triple Divide Peak. This causes the Waterton, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north to Alberta, Canada. There they joined the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately boils down to Hudson Bay.
In the east, some of the roughly parallel ranges cover the southern part of the country, including the Gravelly Range, the Madison Range, the Gallatin Range, the Absaroka Mountains, and the Beartooth Mountains. The Beartooth Plateau is the largest continuous mainland of over 10,000 ft (3,000 m) tall in the continental United States. It contains the highest point of the country, Granite Peak, 12,799 feet (3,901 m) high. To the north of this range are the Big Belt Mountains, Bridger Mountains, Root Tobacco, and several ranges of islands, including the Gila Mountains and the Little Belt Mountains.
Among the many mountains are the rich river valleys. The Big Hole Valley, Bitterroot Valley, Gallatin Valley, Flathead Valley, and Paradise Valley have vast agricultural resources and many opportunities for tourism and recreation.
East and north of this transition zone is a vast and sparsely populated North Plain, with tableland pastures, smaller island mountains, and barren land. The remote island that stretches east of Divide includes the Bear Paw Mountains, the Bull Mountains, the Castle Mountains, the Crazy Mountains, the Highwood Mountains, the Judith Mountains, the Little Belt Mountains, the Little Rocky Mountains, the Pryor Mountains, the Snowy Mountains, the Sweet Grass Hills, and- southeast of the state near Ekalaka - Long Pines. Many of these isolated eastern ranges were created about 120 to 66 million years ago when magma flowed from the cracked interior and subjected the earth's surface here.
The area to the east of the division in the north-central part of the state is known for Missouri Breaks and other important rock formations. Three buttes south of Great Falls are major landmarks: Cascade, Crown, Square, Shaw, and Buttes. Known as laccolith, they form when igneous rocks extend through cracks in sedimentary rocks. The underlying surface consists of sandstone and shale. The soil surface in this area is very diverse, and strongly influenced by local geology, whether glacial plains, intermountain basins, mountain foothills, or highlands. Foothill areas are often covered with rotted rocks or cracked rocks, or composed of open rocks (usually igneous rocks, quartzite, sandstone, or flakes). The intermountain basin's soil usually consists of clay, gravel, sand, silt deposits, and volcanic ash, mostly laid by lakes covering the area during the Oligocene 33-23 million years ago. Tablelands are often topped with gravel argilit and quartzite obsolete, sometimes based on shale. The glacial plains are generally covered in clay, gravel, sand, and sediments left by Proglacial Great Falls Lake or by moraines or basin of gravel former lake abandoned by Wisconsin glaciation 85,000 to 11,000 years ago. Further east, areas like Makoshika State Park near Glendive and Medicine Rocks State Park near Ekalaka contain some of the most beautiful badlands in the state.
The Hell Creek Formation in Northeast Montana is the main source of dinosaur fossils. Paleontologist Jack Horner of the Rockies Museum in Bozeman brought this formation to the attention of the world with some great discoveries.
Rivers, lakes and reservoirs
Montana has thousands of rivers and streams named, 450 miles (720 km) known for "blue-ribbon" trout fishing. Montana water resources provide for recreation, hydro power, crop and forage irrigation, mining, and water for human consumption. Montana is one of the few geographical regions in the world where the river forms part of three large basins (ie where two continents divide intersect). Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Hudson Bay. Watersheds divide in Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park.
Pacific Ocean channel basin
In the west, Clark Fork of the Columbia (not to be confused with Fork Clarks of the Yellowstone River) goes up near Butte and flows northwest to Missoula, where he joins the Blackfoot River and the Bitterroot River. Further downstream, it joins the Flathead River before entering Idaho near Lake Pend Oreille. The Oreille Pend River forms the stream out of Lake Pend Oreille. The Oreille Pend River joins the Columbia River, which flows into the Pacific Ocean - making Clark Fork/Pend Oreille for a length of 579 miles (932 km) long (considered the single river system) the longest river in the Rocky Mountains. The Clark Fork releases the largest volume of water from any river that comes out of the state. The Kootenai River in northwest Montana is one of the main tributaries of Columbia.
Gulf Gulf drainage bay
The east of the Missouri River divides, formed by the confluence of the rivers Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin near Three Forks, flows north through the central-central part of the state to Great Falls. From this point, it then flows generally eastward through fairly flat farmland and the Missouri Breaks to Fort Peck reservoir. The stretch of the river between Fort Benton and Fred Robinson Bridge on the western boundary of the Fort Peck Reservoir was designated the Wild River and the National Nature in 1976. Missouri entered North Dakota near Fort Union, after draining over half of the Montana mainland. (82,000 square miles (210,000 km 2 )). Nearly a third of the Missouri River in Montana lies behind 10 dams: Toston, Ferry Canyon, Hauser, Holter, Black Eagle, Rainbow, Cochrane, Ryan, Morony, and Fort Peck.
The Yellowstone River looms on the continental border near Younts Peak in Wyoming's Teton Wilderness. It flows north through Yellowstone National Park, enters Montana near Gardiner, and passes the Valley of Heaven to Livingston. It then flows northeast through the country through Billings, Miles City, Glendive, and Sidney. Yellowstone joins Missouri in North Dakota east of Fort Union. It is the longest and flood-free river in the adjacent United States, and flows about a quarter of Montana (36,000 square miles (93,000 km 2 )).
Other Montana tributaries in Missouri include the Smith River, Milk, Marias, Judith, and Musselshell. Montana also claims the title is disputed for having the world's shortest river, Roe River, outside Great Falls. Through Missouri, these rivers eventually merge with the Mississippi River and flow into the Gulf of Mexico.
The main tributaries of Yellowstone include Boulder, Stillwater, Clarks Fork, Bighorn, Tongue, and Powder.
Hudson Bay river channel basins
The Northern Divide turns east in Montana at the Triple Divide Peak, causing the Waterton, Belly, and Saint Mary Rivers to flow north to Alberta. There they joined the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately boils down to Hudson Bay.
Lakes and reservoirs
There are about 3,000 lakes and reservoirs named in Montana, including Flathead Lake, the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States. Other major lakes include Whitefish Lake in Flathead Valley and Lake McDonald and St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park. The largest reservoir in the state is the Fort Peck Reservoir on the Missouri River, which is contained by the second largest land dam and the largest hydraulic contained dam in the world. Other major reservoirs include the Hungry Horse on the Flathead River; Lake Koocanusa on the Kootenai River; Lake Elwell on the Marias River; Clark Canyon on the Beaverhead River; Yellowtail in Bighorn River, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Rainbow; and Black Eagle on the Missouri River.
Flora and fauna
Country vegetation includes lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine; Douglas fir, larch, spruce; aspen, birch, red cedar, hemlock, ash, alder; maple rocky mountains and cotton trees. Forests cover about 25 percent of the state. Montana original flowers include daisies, bitterroots, daisies, lupins, poppies, roses, columbine, lilies, orchids, and dryad. Several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grass are commonly found. Many species of mold and mildew are also found in the state.
Montana is home to a variety of fauna that includes 14 species of amphibians, 90 fish, 117 mammals, 20 reptiles and 427 birds. In addition, there are more than 10,000 invertebrate species, including 180 molluscs and 30 crustaceans. Montana has the largest grizzly bear population in 48 lower states. Montana has five species of endangered black-legged weasel, whooping beads, at least, sturgeon pucid, white sturgeon, and seven endangered species including grizzly bears, Canadian lynx, and bull trout. The Montana Department for Fish, Wildlife, and Parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of fish including seven species of trout, walleye and small bass fish and at least 29 species of birds and game animals including pigeon neck rings, gray, deer, pronghorn antelope, deer mule, whitetail deer, gray wolf and bighorn sheep.
Protected lands
Montana contains the Glacier National Park, "The Crown of the Continent"; and parts of Yellowstone National Park, including three of the five national park entrances. Other federally recognized sites include Little Bighorn National Monument, Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, Big Hole National Hero War, and National Bison Range. Approximately 31.3 million hectares (127,000 km 2 ), or 35 percent of Montana land is administered by a federal or state agency. The US Department of Forestry Administration manages 16.8 million acres (68,000 km 2 ) of forest land in ten National Forests. There are approximately 3,300,000 hectares (13,000 km 2 ) wilderness in 12 separate wilderness areas that are part of the National Desert Defense System established by the Wilderness Act of 1964. US Department of Interior Bureau of Management The soil controls 8,100,000 hectares (33,000 km 2 ) of federal soil. US Department of Inland Fish and Wildlife Dept. manages 110,000 hectares (450 km 2 ) of 1.1 million hectares of National Wildlife Refuge and waterfowl production areas in Montana. The US Interior Reclamation Bureau Department manages about 300,000 acres (1,200 km 2 ) of land and water levels in the state. The Department of Fish, Wildlife and Montana Park operates approximately 275,265 hectares (1,113.96 km 2 ) state parks and access points in state rivers and lakes. The Montana Conservation and Natural Resources Department manages 5,200,000 acres (21,000 km 2 ) from the School Trust Land submitted by the federal government under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to the state in 1889 when Montana was granted state status. These lands are managed by the state for the benefit of public schools and institutions in the state.
Areas administered by the National Park Service include:
- Big Hole National Battlefield near Wisdom
- Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area near Fort Smith
- Glacier National Park
- Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site at Deer Lodge
- Lewis and Clark National History Trail
- Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument near Crow Agency
- Nez Perce National Historic Park
- Yellowstone National Park
Climate
Montana is a large country with considerable variations of geography, topography, and altitude, and therefore the climate also varies. Circumstances extend from below the 45th parallel (equidistant line between the equator and the North Pole) to the 49th parallel, and the altitude ranges from below 2,000 feet (610 m) to nearly 13,000 feet (4,000 m) above sea level. Half of the west is mountainous, interrupted by many large valleys. Eastern Montana consists of a plain and barren land, damaged by isolated hills and mountains, and has a semi-arid continental climate (climatic classification KÃÆ'¶ppen BSk ). Continental Divide has a great influence on the climate, as it limits the warmer airflow from the Pacific from moving eastward, and dries the continental air from moving westward. The area in the western part has a modified North Pacific coastal climate, with milder winters, colder summers, less wind and longer planting seasons. Clouds and low fog often form in the western valley in winter, but this is rarely seen in the east.
Average daytime temperatures vary from 28 ° F or -2.2 ° C in January to 84.5 ° F or 29.2 ° C in July. Variations in geography cause enormous variations in temperature. The highest summer temperatures observed were 117 Â ° F or 47.2 Â ° C at Glendive on July 20, 1893, and Medicine Lake on July 5, 1937. Across the state, the summer evenings were generally cool and pleasant. Extreme hot weather is less common over 4,000 feet or 1,200 meters. Snowfall has been recorded in all months of the year in the central and western mountains of Montana, though rarely occurs in July and August.
The coldest temperature recorded in Montana is also the coldest temperature for all of the nearby US. On January 20, 1954, -70 Â ° F or -56.7 Â ° C was recorded at a gold mining camp near Rogers Pass. Temperatures vary greatly on cold nights, and Helena, 40 miles (64 km) to the southeast has only a low of -36 Â ° F or -37.8 Â ° C on the same date, and a record low all time - 42 Â ° F or -41.1 Â ° C. Winter winters are usually the result of the cold continental air coming south from Canada. The front is often well-defined, causing large temperature drops within a 24-hour period. In contrast, airflow from the southwest produces "chinooks." This 25-50 mph steady (40-80 km/h) (or more) winds can suddenly warm parts of Montana, especially the area just east of the mountains, where temperatures sometimes rise up to 50-60 Â ° F ( 10.0 -15.6 ° C) for a period of ten days or longer.
Loma is the most extreme temperature change site recorded in a 24-hour period in the United States. On January 15, 1972, the chinook winds blew and the temperature rose from -54 to 49 ° F (-47.8 to 9.4 ° C).
The average annual rainfall is 15 inches (380 mm), but large variations are seen. The mountains block the wet Pacific air, hold moisture in the western valley, and create a shadow of rain in the east. Heron, in the west, receives the most rainfall, 34.70 inches (881 mm). On the eastern (bottom) side of the mountains, the valley is much drier; Lonepine averages 11.45 inches (291 mm), and Deer Lodge is 11.00 inches (279 mm) precipitation. The mountains can receive more than 100 inches (2,500 mm), for example the Grinnell Glacier in Glacier National Park gets 105 inches (2,700 mm). The Southwest Belfry area averaged only 6.59 inches (167 mm) over a period of sixteen years. Most major cities get 30 to 50 inches or 0.76 to 1.27 meters of snow each year. The mountain range can accumulate 300 inches or 7.62 meters of snow during the winter. Severe snowstorms can occur from September to May, although most snow falls from November to March.
The climate has become warmer in Montana and continues. Glaciers in Glacier National Park have subsided and are predicted to thaw completely in decades. Montana's cities set a record for July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana. Winter is also warmer, and has fewer cold spells. Earlier this cold spell has killed the bark beetle, but it is now attacking the western Montana forest. The warmer winters in the region have allowed various species to expand their reach and breed. The combination of warmer weather, attacks by beetles, and mismanagement over the past few years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana. According to a study conducted for the US Environmental Protection Agency by the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Science, parts of Montana will experience a 200 percent increase in areas burned by wildfires, and an 80 percent increase in air pollution.
The table below lists the average temperatures for the hottest and coldest months for the seven largest cities in Montana. The coldest month varies between December and January depending on location, although the numbers are almost the same.
Antipodes
Montana is one of only two continental US states (along with Colorado) that is antipodal to ashore. Kipuelen Islands antipodal to the Montana-Saskatchewan-Alberta border. There is no antipodal city to Kerguelen, though Chester and Rudyard are close.
History
Indigenous peoples live in the current state of Montana for thousands of years. Historic tribes faced by Europeans and settlers from the United States including Crow in the south-central region; Cheyenne in the southeast; Blackfeet, Assiniboine and Gros Ventres in the central and north-central regions; and Kootenai and Salish in the west. The smaller D 'd'Oreille and Kalispel tribes live near Flathead Lake and the western mountains, respectively. Part of southeastern Montana is used as a corridor between Crows and Hidatsas linked in North Dakota.
The land in eastern Montana from the division of the continent was part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Furthermore and especially in the decades after Lewis and Clark Expedition, American, British and French merchants operated the feather trade, usually working with indigenous peoples, in the east and west of what will become Montana. This transaction is not always peaceful, and although feather trade brings several material benefits to indigenous groups, it also brings about the exposure of European diseases and alters their economic and cultural traditions. The Fort Raymond trading post (1807-1811) was built in Indian Crow state in 1807. Until the Treaty of Oregon (1846), the western land divides the contested continent between England and the United States and is known as the Oregon State. The first permanent settlement by the Europe-Americans at this time is Montana is St. Mary's (1841) near Stevensville's present day. In 1847, Fort Benton was established as the top feather trading post on the Missouri River. In the 1850s, settlers began moving to the valleys of Beaverhead and the Big Hole of the Oregon Trail and to the Fork Valley in Clark.
The first gold found in Montana was at Gold Creek near Garrison today in 1852. A series of major mining discoveries in the western part of the three countries began in 1862 to find gold, silver, copper, lead, coal (and then oil) that attracted tens of thousands of miners to the area. The richest of all the placer gold digs found in Alder Gulch, where the city of Virginia City was founded. Another rich placer deposit is found in Last Chance Gulch, where the city of Helena now stands, the Gulch Confederation, Silver Bow, Emigrant Gulch, and Cooke City. Gold output from 1862 to 1876 totaled $ 144 million; silver then becomes more important. The largest mining operation is in the town of Butte, which has important silver deposits and giant copper deposits.
Montana Region
Prior to the creation of the Montana Territory (1864-1889), various parts of what is now Montana are part of the Oregon Territory (1848-1859), Washington Region (1853-1863), Idaho Territory (1863-1864), and Dakota Territory (1861-1889) 1864). Montana became the United States (Montana Territory) on May 26, 1864. The first territorial capital was in Bannack. The first territorial governor was Sidney Edgerton. The capital moved to Virginia City in 1865 and to Helena in 1875. In 1870, the population of the Montana Territory in non-Indian India was 20,595. The Montana Historical Society, founded on February 2, 1865, in Virginia City is the oldest institution in western Mississippi (except Louisiana). In 1869 and 1870 respectively, Cook-Folsom-Peterson and Washburn-Langford-Doane Expeditions were launched from Helena into the Upper Yellowstone region and immediately led to the creation of Yellowstone National Park in 1872.
Conflicts
When white settlers began collecting Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disagreements with Native Americans took place, primarily due to land ownership and control. In 1855, Territorial Governor Washington Isaac Stevens negotiated a Hellgate agreement between the United States Government and Salish, the Pend d'Oreille, and the Kootenai people in western Montana, which set boundaries for tribal nations. The treaty was ratified in 1859. While the treaty established what became the Flathead Indian Reservation, problems with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led to white people believing that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlements, but tribal nations disputed the provision.. Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891.
The first US Army troops established in Montana were Camp Cooke in 1866, on the Missouri River, to protect the steamers' traffic to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military posts were established in the state. The pressure on land ownership and control increased due to the discovery of gold in various parts of Montana and surrounding countries. Major battles took place in Montana during the Red Cloud War, the Great Sioux War of 1876, the Nez Perce War, and the conflict with Piegan Blackfeet. The most important of these are the Marias Massacre (1870), Battle of Little Bighorn (1876), Battle of the Big Hole (1877) and Battle of Bear Paw (1877). The last recorded conflict in Montana between the US Army and Native Americans occurred in 1887 during the Battle of Crow Agency in the country of Big Horn. Indian survivors who have signed an agreement are generally required to move to a reservation.
Along with these conflicts, the bull, a key species and the main source of protein that native people have survived for centuries has been destroyed. Some estimates say there were more than 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan appealed to the Congressional assembly to certify the slaughter of cattle to uproot the Indians from their food sources. In 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the brink of extinction; only about 325 bison are left in the rest of the United States.
Cattle farm
Cattle ranching has been the center of Montana's history and economy since Johnny Grant started winter cattle in the Deer Valley Lodge in the 1850s and traded the fattened cattle in the fertile Montana valleys with immigrants on the Oregon Trail. Nelson Story took the first Texas Longhorn cattle to the area in 1866. Granville Stuart, Samuel Hauser and Andrew J. Davis started a massive open-livestock operation at Fergus County in 1879. Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site at Deer Lodge was retained today this as a link to the breeding style at the end of the 19th century. Operated by the National Park Service, it is a 1.900-acre (1,700-ounce) 2-foot workforce farm.
Railway
The North Pacific Railroad Trail (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, trains played a major role in triggering tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, president of NPR launched a large survey into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which was forcibly confronted by Sioux under the leadership of Sitting Bull. This clash, in part, contributed to Panic of 1873, a financial crisis that delayed the construction of the railroad to Montana. Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 helped trigger the Great Sioux War of 1876. The cross-continental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek.
The Great Northern Railroad (GNR) track reached east of Montana in 1887 and when they reached the northern Rocky Mountains in 1890, GNR became a significant tourism promoter to the Glacier National Park area. The transcontinental GNR was completed on January 6, 1893, at Scenic, Washington.
In 1881, the Utah and North Railway lines were Union Pacific branch lines that completed the narrow gauge of northern Utah to Butte. A number of smaller spur lines are operated in Montana from 1881 to the 20th century including the Oregon Short Path, Montana Railroad and Milwaukee Road.
State Status
Under Regional Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed attempt to become a state. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that resulted in a 3: 1 ratified constitution by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons Congress approved the state of Montana until 1889. The Congress approved the state of Montana in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed the omnibus bill which provides state status to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington after the appropriate state constitution is made. In July 1889, Montanans held their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution accepted by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana as the forty-first state. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the nation's current capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.
Homesteading
The Homestead Act of 1862 provides free land for settlers who can claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65Ã, km 2 ) from federal lands in the midwest and western United States. Montana does not see the immense flow of immigrants from this act because 160 acres is usually not enough to support a family in a barren region. The first homeless claims under the law in Montana were made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of pioneer Deer Lodge Montana, Morgan Evans. In 1880, there were farms in the greener valley in central and western Montana, but only slightly on the eastern plains.
The Desert Land Act of 1877 was authorized to allow settlement of dry land in the west and allocated 640 acres (2.6Ã, km 2 ) to settlers at a cost of $ 25 per acre and a pledge to irrigate the land. After three years, the cost of one dollar per acre will be paid and the land will be owned by the settlers. This led most cattle and sheep to Montana, many of them tending their cattle in Montana's pasture for three years, did little to irrigate the land and then left without paying the final fee. Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great North and Northern Pacific Railways throughout the 1880s and 1890s, albeit in relatively small numbers.
In the early 1900s, James J. Hill of Great Northern began promoting settlements in the grasslands of Montana to fill trains with settlers and freighters. The other train followed. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in the eastern river valleys of Montana. In 1909, Congress passed the Greatest Homestead Act expanding the amount of free land from 160 to 320 hectares (0.6 to 1.3 km 2 ) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to "prove "on a claim for three years. In 1916, the Homestead Shelter Act allowed a 640-hectare homestead in areas not suitable for irrigation. The combination of advertising and changes in the Homestead Act attracted tens of thousands of residents, lured by free land, with World War I bringing very high grain prices. In addition, Montana is experiencing a temporary period higher than average rainfall. Homesteaders arrive in this period known as "Honyockers", or "scissorbills." Although the word "honyocker", probably derived from ethnic slur "hunyak", is applied in a mocking manner in the homestead as "greenhorns", "new in business" or "not ready", the reality is that the majority of these new settlers have previous agricultural experience, although there are also many who do not.
Honyocker, scissorbill, nester... He was Joad from half a century ago, huddled over a hostile land: deceived when he started, robbing when he arrived; hopeful, courageous, ambitious: he seeks independence or adventure, comfort and security... The honyockers are farmers, spinster, deep sea divers; violin, doctor, bartender, cook. He lives in Minnesota or Wisconsin, Massachusetts or Maine. There's news searching for him out - Jim Hill news about free land in Treasury...
However, farmers face a number of problems. A massive debt is one. Also, most settlers come from wetlands, unprepared for dry climates, lack of trees, and scarce water resources. In addition, small homestays with an area of ​​less than 320 hectares (130 ha) are not suitable for the environment. Weather and farm conditions are much harder and drier in the west of the 100th meridian. Then, the dry season of 1917-1921 proved devastating. Many people left, and half the banks in the state went bankrupt as a result of providing an unpaid mortgage. As a result, the size of the land increases while the number of farms decreases
In 1910, homeowners claimed more than five million hectares, and in 1923, more than 93 million hectares were planted. In 1910, the Great Falls land office alone saw more than 1,000 homestead packings per month, and the peak of 1917-1918 saw 14,000 new homesteads each year. However a significant decline occurred after the drought in 1919.
Montana and World War I
When World War I broke out, Jeannette Rankin, the first woman in the United States to become a member of Congress, was a pacifist and voted against the declaration of the United States war. His actions were widely criticized in Montana, where public support for the war was strong, and wartime sentiment reached a high degree of patriotism among many Montanans. In 1917-1918, due to miscalculations of the Montana population, about 40,000 Montanans, ten percent of the country's population, either voluntarily or recruited into armed forces. This represents a labor contribution to the war that is 25 percent higher than any other country on a per capita basis. About 1,500 Montanans died as a result of the war and 2437 were injured, also higher than any other country on a per capita basis. The Montana Remount Station in Miles City provides 10,000 cavalry horses for war, more than any other US Army post. The war created an explosion for mining Montana, timber and agricultural interests as demand for war materials and food increased.
In June 1917, the US Congress passed the Spying Act of 1917 which was subsequently extended by the 1918 Constitution Act, adopted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, this law criminalizes criticism of government, military or US symbols through speeches or other means. The Montana Act led to the capture of over 200 individuals and 78 convictions, mostly of German or Austrian descent. More than 40 spent time in jail. In May 2006, then Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued a full pardon to all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.
The Montanans who opposed the US entry into the war included certain immigrant groups from German and Irish heritage and peaceful antagonists like Hutterites and Mennonites, many of whom also came from German heritage. In turn, pro-war groups were formed, such as the Montana Defense Council, created by Governor Samuel V. Stewart and local "loyalty committees".
War sentiment is complicated by labor issues. The Anaconda Copper Company, which is at the peak of historic copper production, is a very powerful force in Montana, but also faces criticism and opposition from newspapers and social unions who are struggling to benefit members. At Butte, a multi-ethnic community with a significant European immigrant population, the unions, especially the recently formed Metal Mine Workers Union, oppose the war on the grounds that most of the profits are large timber and mining. After increased mine production and the Speculator Mine disaster in June 1917, Industrial Workers of the World organizer Frank Little arrived at Butte to organize the miners. He gave several speeches with inflamed anti-war rhetoric. On August 1, 1917, he was dragged from his boarding house by a masked officer, and hung from a railway bridge, considered a death sentence without trial. The small killings and strikes that took place resulted in the National Guard being sent to Butte to restore order. Overall, anti-German and anti-labor sentiment increased and created a move that led to part of the Montana Sedition Act next February. In addition, the Defense Council is made a state institution with the power to prosecute and punish individuals who are considered violating the Act. The Council also issued regulations restricting public meetings and forbidding to speak German in public.
In the wake of legislative action in 1918, emotions increased. US lawyer Burton K. Wheeler and some District Court Judges are hesitant to prosecute or punish those raised with allegations of strong criticism. Wheeler was brought before the Defense Council, though he avoided the formal process, and a District Court judge from Forsyth was dismissed. There are burning of German books and some close decorations. The German prohibition remained in effect until the early 1920s. Complicating the war struggle, the 1918 Influenza epidemic claimed the lives of more than 5,000 Montanans. This period has been dubbed "Montana's Agony" by some historians because of the suppression of civil liberties that took place.
Depression era
The economic depression began in Montana after World War I and lasted during the Great Depression until the beginning of World War II. This has caused great difficulties for farmers, ranchers and miners. Wheat farms in eastern Montana make it the main producing country; wheat has a relatively high protein content and thus commands a premium price.
Montana and World War II
When the US entered World War II on December 7, 1941, many Montanans had been enlisted in the military to get out of a bad national economy in the previous decade. About 40,000 others, Montanan, entered the army in the first year after the war declaration, and more than 57,000 people joined before the war ended. These figures constitute about 10 percent of the total population of the state, and Montana once again contributes one of the highest numbers of troops per capita of any country. Many Native Americans are among those serving, including the soldiers from Crow Nation who became Code Talkers. At least 1500 Montananans died in the war. Montana is also a training ground for the First Special Forces or "Satan Brigade", a US-Canadian joint command force trained at Fort William Henry Harrison for experience in mountain and winter conditions prior to deployment. Air bases were built in Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow, some of which were used as staging places to prepare aircraft to be sent to allied forces in the Soviet Union. During the war, about 30 Japanese documented balloon bombs had landed in Montana, although no casualties or major forest fires were attributed to them.
In 1940, Jeannette Rankin was re-elected as a member of Congress. In 1941, as it did in 1917, he voted against the declaration of the United States war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Hers is the only voice against the war, and in the midst of public outrage over his voice, Rankin needs police protection for a while. Other pacifists tend to be from "peace churches" who are generally opposed to war. Many people who claim conscientious opposition status from across the US are sent to Montana during the war as smokers and for other forest firefighters.
Other military
During World War II, the planned USS warship Montana was named in honor of the country. However, the warship was never finished. Montana is the only of the first 48 states that do not have a complete warship named for it. Alaska and Hawaii both have nuclear submarines named after them. Montana is the only state in union without a modern naval ship named in his honor. However, in August 2007, Senator Jon Tester submitted a request to the Navy that the submarine was baptized USS Montana . Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced on September 3, 2015 that the Virginia Submarine SSN-794 Class attack would bear the name of the country. This would be the second battleship assigned to bear the name of Montana.
Cold War Montana
In the era of Cold War II post World War II, Montana hosted the US Air Force Air Transport Service (1947) for air transport training at C-54 Skymasters and finally, in 1953, the Strategic Air Strategic Air Force and missile forces based in Malmstrom Air Forced Base in Great Falls. The base also hosted the 29th Battlefield Squadron, the Air Defense Command from 1953 to 1968. In December 1959, Malmstrom AFB was selected as the new Minuteman I ballistic missile home. The first operational missile was in place and ready in early 1962. By the end of 1962, the missiles assigned to 341Steps of Missile Missiles would play a major role in the Cuban Missile Crisis. When the Soviets released their missiles from Cuba, President John F. Kennedy said the Soviets retreated because they knew he had "ace in the hole," referring directly to Minuteman missiles in Montana. Montana eventually became home to the largest ICBM field in the US that includes 23,500 square miles (61,000 km 2 ).
Demographics
The US Census Bureau estimates that the Montana population is 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 US Census. The 2010 census puts the Montana population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people, or 4.40 percent, since 2010 During the first decade of the new century, growth was mainly concentrated in seven of Montana's largest districts, with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32 percent increase in the population from 2000-2010. The city with the greatest percentage growth is Kalispell with 40.1 percent, and the city with the largest increase in the actual population is Billings with a population increase of 14,323 from 2000-2010.
On January 3, 2012, the Census and Economic Information Center (CEIC) at the Montana Department of Commerce estimates Montana has reached the one million population between November and December 2011. The US Census Bureau estimates that Montana's population is 1,005,141 on July 1, 2012, 1.6 percent since the 2010 US Census.
According to the Census 2010, 89.4 percent of the population is White (87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White), 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaskan Native, 2.9 percent Hispanic and Latino of any race, 0.6 percent Asia, 0 , 4 percent Black or African American, 0.1 percent of Hawaii's native and other Pacific Islands, 0.6 percent of Some Other Race, and 2.5 percent of two or more races. The largest European ancestors in Montana in 2010 were: Germany (27.0 percent), Ireland (14.8 percent), England (12.6 percent), Norway (10.9 percent), France (4.7 percent) and Italy (3.4 percent).
Intrastate demographics
Montana has a numerically larger Native American population and a percentage of most US states. Although the country ranks 45th in the population (according to the US Census of 2010), the country ranks 19th in the total indigenous population. The indigenous population constitutes 6.5 percent of the state's total population, the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states. Montana has three districts where Native Americans are the majority: Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt. Other districts with Native American populations include the Blaine, Cascade, Hill, Missoula, and Yellowstone regions. The indigenous population of the United States grew 27.9 percent between 1980 and 1990 (when the entire population of Montana rose by only 1.6 percent), and by 18.5 percent between 2000 and 2010. In 2009, nearly two-thirds of the indigenous population States in the state live in urban areas. Of the 20 largest cities in Montana, Polson (15.7 percent), Havre (13.0 percent), Great Falls (5.0 percent), Billings (4.4 percent), and Anaconda (3.1 percent) had a percentage largest native of America in 2010. Billings (4,619), Great Falls (2,942), Missoula (1,838), Havre (1,210), and Polson (706) have Native Americans living there. The seven state reservations cover more than twelve different native American ethnolinguistic groups.
While the largest European-American population in Montana as a whole is German, a significant Scandinavian pocket is prevalent in some farmland-dominated north and east areas, parallel to the nearby areas of North Dakota and Minnesota. Farmers from Ireland, Scotland, and England also settled in Montana. Historically oriented communities in western Montana such as Butte have more European-American ethnicity; Finland, Eastern Europe and especially the Irish settlers left an indelible mark in the area, as well as people from British mining areas such as Cornwall, Devon and Wales. The nearby town of Helena, also established as a mining camp, has a similar mixture in addition to a small Chinatown. Many historic Montana logging communities initially attracted people of Scottish, Scandinavian, Slavic, English, and Scottish-Irish descent.
The Hutterites, an Anabaptist sect originating from Switzerland, settled here, and Montana is currently second only to South Dakota in the US Hutterite population with several colonies scattered throughout the state. Beginning in the mid-1990s, the state also saw the entry of the Amish, which moved to Montana from the more urban areas of Ohio and Pennsylvania.
Montana Hispanic populations are concentrated around the Billings area in south-central Montana, where many Mexican-American Montana have been in the country for generations. Great Falls has the highest percentage of African-American population in its population, although Billings has more African-Americans than Great Falls.
The Chinese in Montana, while the current low percentage, is historically an important presence. Around 2000-3000 Chinese miners were in the Montana mining area in 1870, and 2500 in 1890. However, public opinion became increasingly negative against them in the 1890s and nearly half of the population of Asian states left the country in 1900. Day this, there is a significant Hmong population centered around Missoula. Montanan, who claims the number of Filipino ancestors to nearly 3,000, makes them currently the largest Asian American group in the state.
Language
English is the official language in the state of Montana, as in many US states. According to the 2000 US Census, 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 years and older speak English at home. Spanish is the most common language used in homes other than English. There are approximately 13,040 Spanish speakers in the state (1.4 percent of the population) in 2011. There are also 15,438 (1.7 percent of the country's population) of Indo-European speakers other than English or Spanish, 10,154 (1.1 percent ) Native American speakers, and 4,052 (0.4 percent) of Asian or Pacific Island speakers. Other languages ​​used in Montana (as of 2013) include Assiniboine (about 150 speakers in Montana and Canada), Blackfoot (about 100 speakers), Cheyenne (about 1,700 speakers), Plains Cree (about 100 speakers), Crow (about 3,000 speakers) ), Dakota (about 18,800 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota and South Dakota), German Hutterite (about 5,600 speakers), Gros Ventre (about 10 speakers), Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille (about 64 speakers) Kutenai (about 6 speakers), and Lakota (about 6,000 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota). The US Department of Education estimated in 2009 that 5,274 students in Montana spoke a language at home other than English. These include Native American languages ​​(64 percent), German (4 percent), Spanish (3 percent), Russian (1 percent), and Chinese (less than 0.5 percent).
Religion
According to the Pew Forum, the Montana religious affiliation is as follows: Protestant 47%, Catholic 23%, LDS (Mormon) 5%, Jehovah's Witness 2%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 0.5%, Muslim 0.5%, Hindu 0 , 5% and Non-Religion by 20%.
The largest denomination in Montana in 2010 is the Catholic Church with 127,612 followers, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 46,484 adherents, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 38,665 followers, and non-denominational Evangelical Protestants with 27,370 followers.
Native Americans
Approximately 66,000 people from the original American heritage live in Montana. Derived from several treaties and federal laws, including the Indian Appropriations Act (1851), the Dawes Act (1887), and the Indian Reorganization Act (1934), seven Indian reservations, which include eleven federally recognized tribal states, were created in Montana. A twelfth country, Little Shell Chippewa are "groundless" people based in Great Falls; it is recognized by the state of Montana but not by the US government. The Blackfeet nation was headquartered in Blackfeet Indian Reservation (1851) at Browning, Crow on the Crow Indian Reservation (1868) at Crow Agency, Confederated Salish and Kootenai and Pend d'Oreille at Flathead Indian Reservation (1855) in Pablo, Northern Cheyenne in Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (1884) at Lame Deer, Assiniboine and Gros Ventre at Fort Belknap Indian Reservation (1888) at Fort Belknap Agency, Assiniboine and Sioux at Fort Peck Indian Reservation (1888) in Poplar, and Chippewa- Cree at Indian Rocky Boy Reservation (1916) near Box Elder. Approximately 63% of all native residents live off the reservation, concentrated in larger Montana towns, with the largest concentration of Indians in Great Falls. The state also has a small population, and the 1990 census data shows that people from 275 different tribes live in Montana.
The Montana Constitution specifically reads that "the state recognizes the distinct and unique cultural heritage of the American Indians and is committed to its educational goals for the preservation of their cultural integrity." It is the only state in the US with such constitutional mandate. The Indian Education for All Act (IEFA) was passed in 1999 to provide funding for this mandate and ensure its implementation. It mandates that all schools teach the history, culture, and heritage of American Indians from preschool to college. For kindergarten through 12th grade students, the "India Education for All" curriculum from Montana's Office of Public Instruction is available free of charge to all schools. The state was prosecuted in 2004 for lack of funds, and the state has stepped up its support for the program. South Dakota passed similar legislation in 2007, and Wisconsin is working to strengthen its own program based on this model - and current practices in Montana schools. Every Indian reservation in the state has a fully accredited tribal college. The University of Montana "was the first to establish a double acceptance agreement with all tribal colleges and therefore was the first institution in the country to actively facilitate the transfer of students from tribal colleges"
Birth data
Note: Births in the tables do not increase, as Hispanic people are well-regarded by their ethnicities and by their race, giving a higher overall figure.
- Since 2016, Hispanic Hispanic data are not collected, but are included in a group of Hispanic ; Hispanic people may come from any race.
Economy
The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Montana's total state product in 2014 is $ 44.3 billion. per capita personal income in 2014 is $ 40,601, 35 in the country.
Montana is a relative hub of microbrewing beer, ranked third in the country in a number of per capita craft factories in 2011. There are significant industries for wood and mineral extraction; State resources include gold, coal, silver, talc, and vermiculite. Ecotoxins in resource extraction are numerous. The 1974 state tax withholding tax on coal (which varies from 20 to 30 percent) is enforced by the United States Supreme Court at Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana , 453 U.S. 609 (1981).
Tourism is also important to the economy with more than ten million visitors each year to Glacier National Park, Flathead Lake, the Missouri River upstream, the Battle of the Little Bighorn and three of the five entrances to Yellowstone National Park.
Montana's personal income tax contains 7 parentheses, with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6.9 percent. Montana has no sales tax. In Montana, household items are exempt from property taxes. However, property taxes are valued on livestock, farm machinery, heavy equipment, cars, trucks, and business equipment. The amount of property tax payable is not determined solely by the value of the property. The property value is multiplied by the tax rate, set by the Montana Legislature, to determine its taxable value. The taxable value is then multiplied by the factory levies imposed by various tax jurisdictions - municipal and district governments, school districts and others.
As of June 2015, the state's unemployment rate was 3.9 percent.
Education
Colleges and universities
School
Montana was formed on April 26, 1864, when the US passed the Organic Law. Schools began to form in the area before formally becoming a territory when families began to settle in the area. The first school is a school of subscriptions that is usually held in the home of teachers. The first formal school recorded was Fort Owen in the Bitterroot valley in 1862. The students were Indian children and children of Fort Owen employees. The first school period starts at the beginning of winter and lasts until 28 February. Classes taught by Mr. Robinson. Another early school subscription was started by Thomas Dimsdale in Virginia City in 1863. In this school students are charged $ 1.75 per week. The territorial Montana Legislative Assembly convened its first meeting in 1864. The first legislative body authorized to pass taxes to schools, which became the basis for public schools. Madison County was the first to take advantage of the newly authorized tax and established the first public school in Virginia City in 1886. The first school year is scheduled to begin in January 1866, but bad weather delayed its opening until March. The first year of school runs during the summer and does not end until August 17th. One of the first teachers at school was Sarah Raymond. He was a 25-year-old woman traveling to Virginia City by train in 1865. To become a certified teacher, Raymond took a test at home and paid a $ 6 fee in gold dust to get a teaching certificate. With the help of an assistant teacher, Ny. Farley, Raymond is responsible for teaching 50 to 60 students every day from 81 students enrolled in school. Sarah Raymond was paid $ 125 a month, and Mrs. Farley paid $ 75 per month. No textbooks are used in schools. In their place are various books brought by various emigrants. Sarah quit teaching the following year, but later became a school superintendent in Madison County.
Culture
Many renowned artists, photographers and writers have documented Montana's land, culture and society in the last 100 years. The painter and sculptor Charles Marion Russell, known as "cowboy artist" created over 2,000 Cowboy paintings, Native Americans, and landscapes set in the Western United States and in Alberta, Canada. The C. Russell Museum complex located in Great Falls, Montana, houses more than 2,000 Russell artworks, personal objects, and artifacts.
Evelyn Cameron, a naturalist and photographer from Terry documenting the early 20th century life in the Montana meadows, took a very clear picture of everything around him: cowboys, shepherds, weddings, river crossings, freight cars, working people, badlands, eagles , coyotes and wolves.
Many of Montana's famous writers have been documenting or inspired by life in Montana in both fiction and non-fiction. Pulitzer Prize winner Wallace Earle Stegner from Great Falls is often called "The Dean of Western Writers". James Willard Schultz ("Apikuni") of Browning is best known for his productive story of Blackfeet life and his contribution to naming outstanding features in Glacier National Park.
Main cultural events
Montana hosts a variety of art and cultural festivals and events each year. Major events include:
- Bozeman was once known as "the nation's Sweet Pea capital" which refers to the fertile pea plants. To promote the region and celebrate its prosperity, local business owners started "Sweet Pea Carnival" which included a parade and queen contest. The annual event lasted from 1906 to 1916. The promoters used sweet and colorful peanut flowers as a symbol of celebration. In 1977 the concept of "Sweet Pea" was revived as an art festival rather than a harvest celebration, grew into a three-day event that was one of Montana's greatest festivals.
- The Shakespeare Montana in the Park has been doing free Shakespeare and other classical theater productions all over Montana since 1973. The Montana Shakespeare Company is based in Helena.
- Since 1909, Crow Fair and Rodeo, near Hardin, have become annual events every August in Crow Agency and are currently the largest North American Native gathering, attracting nearly 45,000 spectators and attendees. Since 1952, the days of North American India have been held every July in Browning.
- Lame Deer hosts the annual Cheyenne Powwow.
Sports
Professional sports
There is no major league sports league in Montana due to the relatively small and scattered population of the country, but a number of minor league teams play in the state. Baseball is a small league sport with the longest inheritance in the state, and Montana is currently home to four Minor League Baseball teams, all members of the League of Pioneers: Billings Mustangs, Great Falls Voyagers, Helena Brewers, and Missoula Osprey.
College sports
All colleges and universities in Montana for four years work in intergroup sports teams. The two largest schools, the Union
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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