Lisbon Earthquake 1755 , also known as Lisbon Great Earthquake , took place in the Kingdom of Portugal on the morning of Saturday, November 1, the holy day of All Saints Day, at around 9:40 local time. In combination with the next fire and tsunami, the quake almost destroyed Lisbon and the surrounding areas. Seismologists today estimate the Lisbon earthquake to have magnitude in the range of 8.5 to 9.0 on the magnitude of the moment, with its epicenter in the Atlantic Ocean about 200 km (120 miles) west-southwest Cape St. Vincent. Estimates put the death toll in Lisbon alone between 10,000 and 100,000 people, making it one of the deadliest earthquakes in history.
This earthquake stresses political tensions in the Kingdom of Portugal and greatly disrupts the country's colonial ambitions. This event was much talked about and lived by the European Enlightenment philosophers, and inspired major developments in theodicy. As the first earthquake to be studied scientifically for its effects over a large area, it led to the birth of seismological techniques and modern earthquakes.
Video 1755 Lisbon earthquake
Gempa bumi dan tsunami
The earthquake occurred on the morning of November 1, 1755, the holy day of All Saints Day. Contemporary reports state that the quake lasted between three and a half and six minutes, causing a 5 meter (16 feet) wide gap to open in the center of the city. The victim rushed to the dock open space for safety and watched the water recede, revealing the seabed filled with lost cargo and shipwrecks. About 40 minutes after the earthquake, a tsunami struck the harbor and downtown area, rushed to the Tagus river "so fast that some people were riding... forced to run as fast as possible into the upper yard for fear of being taken away." It was followed by two more waves. Candles were lit around towns, in homes and churches, for All Saints Day, and then were hit dangerously in the fray of the earthquake. As the tsunami water began to recede, the city began to burn drastically like a blazing fire storm for hours in the city, causing crowds up to a hundred feet from the flames.
Lisbon is not the only Portuguese city affected by the disaster. Across the southern part of the country, especially the Algarve, rampant destruction. The tsunami destroyed several coastal fortresses in the Algarve and, to a lesser extent, destroyed several houses. Almost all Algarve coastal towns and villages are heavily damaged, except for Faro, which is protected by sand banks Ria Formosa. In Lagos, the waves reach the top of the city wall. Other cities of different Portuguese territories, such as Peniche, Cascais, and even CovilhÃÆ'Â £, located near the Serra da Estrela mountains in inland interior of Portugal, were affected. Earthquake shock waves destroyed part of the castle walls of CovilhÃÆ'Â © and large towers. On the island of Madeira, Funchal and many small settlements suffered significant damage. Almost all ports in the Azores archipelago suffered most of their destruction from the tsunami, with the sea penetrating about 150 m to the mainland. In Spain, the tsunami wiped out the Atlantic Coast andalusian, virtually destroying the city of Cadiz, killing at least 1/3 of its population.
Shocks from earthquakes are felt throughout Europe as far as Finland and North Africa, and according to sources even in Greenland, and the Caribbean. A 20-meter (66-foot) high tsunami swept across the North African coast, and attacked Martinique and Barbados across the Atlantic. A three-meter (ten foot) tsunami struck Cornwall on the south coast of England. Galway, on the west coast of Ireland, was also hit, causing part of the damage to the "Spanish Arch" section of the city wall. In Kinsale, several ships rotate in ports, and water flows into the market.
By 2015, it was revealed that the tsunami waves may have reached the coast of Brazil, then the Portuguese colony. As the hypothesis was raised by reviewing letters sent by the Brazilian authorities at the time of the earthquake. These letters describe the damage and destruction caused by the giant waves.
Although seismologists and geologists have always agreed that the epicenter of the earthquake is in the Atlantic to the west of the Iberian Peninsula, its exact location has become an important debate. The initial hypothesis has proposed Gorringe Ridge to simulation suggest that a source closer to the coast of Portugal is required to adhere to the observed effects of the tsunami. A seismic reflection survey of the ocean floor along the Azores-Gibraltar Transform Fault has revealed a 50km thrust structure from Cape St. Vincent, with a slip of more than 1 km. This structure may have created a primary tectonic event.
Maps 1755 Lisbon earthquake
Victims and damage
The economic historian ÃÆ' lvaro Pereira estimated that the population of Lisbon at the time, about 200,000 people, about 30,000-40,000 were killed; Another 10,000 may have lost their lives in Morocco. However, a 2009 study of contemporary reports relating to the Nov. 1 incident found them unclear and difficult to separate from reports of a series of other local earthquakes on November 18-19. Pereira estimates the total death toll in Portugal, Spain and Morocco from earthquakes and fires and tsunamis that occur in 40,000 to 50,000 people.
Eighty-five percent of Lisbon buildings were destroyed, including famous palaces and libraries, as well as most examples of typical 16th century Manueline architecture of Portugal. Some buildings that suffered minor earthquake damage were destroyed by the next fire. The new Lisbon opera house ("ÃÆ'" pera do Tejo "), opened just six months earlier, was burned to the ground.Royal Ribeira Palace, which stands right beside the Tagus river in the modern square Terreiro do PaÃÆ'§o , destroyed by an earthquake and tsunami.Inside, a royal library of 70,000 volumes and hundreds of works of art, including paintings by Titian, Rubens, and Correggio, disappeared.Royal archives disappeared along with detailed exploration history records by Vasco da Gama and the other early navigators, the Henrique de Meneses Palace, the 3rd Marquis of LouriÃÆ'§al, which housed an invaluable library of 18,000 books, were also destroyed.The earthquake damaged some of Lisbon's great churches, Lisbon Cathedral, Basilica SÃÆ'Â £ Paulo, Santa Catarina, São Vicente de Fora, and MisericÃÆ'³rdia Church The Royal All Saints Hospital (the largest public hospital at the time) in Rossio Square was consumed by fire and hundreds of patients r to death.The grave of national hero Nuno ÃÆ' lvares Pereira was also lost. Visitors to Lisbon may still be walking on the ruins of Carmo Convent, which is preserved to remind Lisbon of its destruction.
Relief and reconstruction efforts
The royal family fled unharmed from disaster: King Joseph I of Portugal and the palace had left town, having attended mass at sunrise, fulfilling the wishes of one of the princess's kings to spend the holidays away from Lisbon. After the catastrophe, Joseph I developed a fear of staying within the walls, and the palace was housed in a large complex of tents and pavilions in the Ajuda hills, then on the outskirts of Lisbon. The claustrophobia of the king was never extinguished, and it was only after Joseph's death that his daughter Mary I of Portugal began to build the Ajuda royal palace, which still stood on the site of the old tent camp. Like the king, the prime minister SebastiÃÆ'Â o de Melo (1st Marquis of Pombal) survived the earthquake. When asked what to do, Pombal reportedly replied "Bury the dead and heal the living", and begin to organize relief and rehabilitation efforts. Firefighters were sent to extinguish the raging fire, and the team of workers and ordinary citizens were ordered to move thousands of corpses before the disease could spread. Contrary to custom and against the will of the Church, many corpses are loaded onto barges and buried in the sea outside the mouth of the Tagus. To prevent chaos in the devastated city, the Portuguese Army was deployed and gallows were built at high points around the city to prevent looters; more than thirty people were executed in public. The army prevented many able-bodied citizens from escaping, pressing them into relief and reconstruction work.
The king and prime minister immediately launched an effort to rebuild the city. On December 4, 1755, little more than a month after the earthquake, Manuel da Maia, chief engineer in this field, presented his plan to rebuild Lisbon. Maia presented four options from leaving Lisbon to build a truly new city. The first plan is to rebuild the old city using recycled materials; this is the cheapest option. The second and third plans propose the widening of certain streets. The fourth option bravely proposes leveling the entire Baixa quarter and "putting new roads unimpeded". This last option was chosen by the king and the minister.
In less than a year, the city was cleared of debris. Intrigued to have a new and perfectly ordered city, the king commissioned the construction of a large square, a straight line, large streets and widened streets - new Lisbon's motto.
The Pombaline building is one of the earliest protected seismic constructions in Europe. Small wooden models were built for testing, and earthquakes were simulated by troops marching around them. Lisbon's "new" Lower City, known today as Pombalin's Lower City (Baixa Pombalina), is one of the city's most famous attractions. Other parts of Portuguese cities, such as Vila Real de Santo AntÃÆ'³nio in the Algarve, were also rebuilt on the principle of Pombalin.
The Casa Pia, a Portuguese institution founded by Mary I (known as "A Pia", "Maria the Pious"), and organized by Intendant Police Pina Manique in 1780, was founded after the social turmoil of 1755 Lisbon.
Effect on society, economy and philosophy
Earthquakes have a profound effect on people's lives and intellectuals. The earthquake has occurred on an important religious holiday and has destroyed almost every important church in the city, causing anxiety and confusion among faithful and devout Roman Catholic citizens. Theologians and philosophers concentrate and speculate on religious reasons and messages, seeing earthquakes as a manifestation of divine judgment.
Economy
A 2009 study estimated that earthquake costs between 32 and 48 percent of Portugal's GDP. Also, "despite tight controls, prices and wages remained steady in the years after the tragedy.Recovery of the earthquake also led to a rise in the premiums of construction workers.More significant, the earthquake became an opportunity to reform the economy and to reduce the economy of semi-dependence vis-ÃÆ' - vis English. "
Philosophy
The earthquake and its downfall greatly affected the intellectuals of the European Enlightenment. The famous author of the philosopher Voltaire used the earthquake in Candide and in his book Poà © sére sur le dÃÆ' © © sastre de Lisbonne ("The Lisbon Disaster Mission"). Voltaire's Candide attacks the idea that everything is the best in this case, "the best of all possible worlds", a world closely monitored by a benevolent god. The Lisbon disaster gives the wrong example. As Theodor Adorno writes, "[t] he earthquake in Lisbon enough to heal Voltaire theodicy Leibniz" ( Negative Dialectic 361). At the end of the 20th century, following Adorno, the 1755 earthquake is sometimes compared to the Holocaust as a catastrophe that changed European culture and philosophy. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was also affected by the devastation after the earthquake, whose severity he believes is because too many people live in areas near the city. Rousseau used the quake as an argument against the city as part of his desire for a more naturalistic way of life.
Immanuel Kant published three separate texts on the Lisbon earthquake. As a younger man, fascinated by an earthquake, he gathered all the information available to him in a news pamphlet, and used it to formulate the theory of the causes of earthquakes. Kant's theory, which involves the shift of massive underground caverns filled with hot gas, is (though ultimately proven wrong) one of the first systematic modern attempts to explain earthquakes by proposing natural causes, not supernatural. According to Walter Benjamin, Kant's early book on the earthquake "probably represents the beginning of scientific geography in Germany, and of course the beginnings of seismology."
Werner Hamacher has claimed that the consequences of the earthquake were extended into the philosophical vocabulary, making a common metaphor of the company's "foundation" for the argument of a shaky and uncertain philosopher: "Under the impression given by the Lisbon earthquake, which touched the minds of Europe in one [ sensitive, soil metaphors and tremors completely lose their innocence, they are no longer just figuratively "(263). Hamacher claimed that the basic certainty of Descartes' philosophy began to sway following the Lisbon earthquake.
Politics
The earthquake had a major impact on Portuguese politics. The prime minister, SebastiÃÆ' ° o Josà © © de Carvalho e Melo (better known today with the title Marquis of Pombal, given only in 1770), was the king's favorite, but the aristocracy considered him a newborn son. a guardian state. The prime minister, in turn, did not like the old nobles, whom he considered corrupt and incapable of practical action. Prior to 1 November 1755 there was a constant struggle for royal power and support, but the competent response of the Marquis of Pombal effectively severed the strength of the old aristocratic faction. However, the silent opposition and hatred of King Joseph I began to rise, which would have culminated with the attempted assassination of the king in 1758 and the subsequent removal of the Duke of Aveiro and the TÃÆ'¡vora family.
Development of seismology
The prime minister's response is not limited to the practicality of reconstruction. He ordered a request sent to all parishes in the country about the earthquake and its impact. Questions include:
- What time does the earthquake occur, and how long does the earthquake occur?
- Do you feel a bigger than one-way shock? Example, from north to south? Does the building seem to fall more to one side than the other?
- How many people died and did any of them differ?
- Does the sea rise or fall first, and how many hands rise above normal?
- If a fire happens, how long will it last and what damage it causes?
The answers to these and other questions are still archived at Torre do Tombo, archives of national history. Studying and cross-referencing the accounts of priests, modern scientists are able to reconstruct events from a scientific perspective. Without a questionnaire designed by the Marquis of Pombal, this is impossible. Since the marquis was the first to attempt objective scientific descriptions of the causes and consequences of the widespread earthquakes, he was considered a pioneer of modern seismological scientists.
The geological causes of this earthquake and seismic activity in the region continue to be discussed and debated by contemporary scientists.
See also
- Portuguese portal
- Earthquake 1755 Cape Ann
- Azores-Gibraltar Transform Fault
- Baroque Earthquake
- List of historical earthquakes
- Tsunami history list
- Southwest Iberian Margin
- List of earthquakes in Portugal
Note
References
External links
- The Lisbon earthquake of 1755: catastrophe and its impact on Europe.
- Lisbon Earthquake 1755, seismological studies available from the European Archives of Earthquake Historical Data
- Lisbon Earthquake 1755
- Images and depictions of the Lisbon earthquake of 1755
- More images from Lisbon earthquake and tsunami 1755
- Contemporary eyewitness accounts from Rev. Charles Davy
- Animated Tsunami Forecast Model: Lisbon 1755 - Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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