A firefighter (also known in some areas as fire trucks or fire tools ) is a vehicle designed primarily for firefighting operations. The terms "fire department" and "fire truck" are often used interchangeably; But in some firefighting/fire departments they refer to separate and specific vehicle types.
The main objectives of firefighting include transporting firefighters to the scene, providing water for fire fighting, and carrying other equipment required by firefighters. They can also be used for various other uses such as emergency medical services and rescue from situations other than fires. Typical modern vehicles will carry equipment for various fire and rescue tasks, with common equipment including ladders, hoses, self-contained breathing apparatus, ventilation equipment, first aid kit, and hydraulic rescue kits.
Many fire vehicles are based on standard vehicle models (although some parts can be upgraded to cope with vehicle demands). They are usually equipped with voice and visual warnings, as well as communications equipment such as two-way radios and mobile computer technology.
Video Fire engine
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Aparatus kebakaran konvensional
The standard fire extinguisher is a tool designed primarily for firefighting operations. The main purpose of the machine is to transport firefighters to the scene, provide limited water supply to fight fires, and carry the equipment, equipment and hoses needed by firefighters. The tools carried on the fire engines will vary greatly based on many factors including the size of department and what type of terrain the department should address. For example, departments located near large bodies of water or rivers tend to have some sort of water-saving equipment. The standard tools found in most fire engines include stairs, hydraulic rescuers (often called jaws of life), floodlights, fire hoses, fire extinguishers, self-contained breathing apparatus, and thermal imaging cameras.
The exact layout of what is done on the machine is determined by the department's needs. For example, firefighting departments covering metropolitan areas are more likely to assist with non-fire-related cases such as hazardous materials removal/cleaning and technical rescue of people from traffic collisions or structural collapse, while rural departments may need to do things such as remote area access or extinguishing forest fires.
Some firefighters have a fixed deluge gun, also known as the main stream, which directs the swift flow of water to the destination of the operator. An additional feature of the machine is the pre-existing hose line, commonly referred to as preconnects . The infrastructure is attached to the water supply in the engine and allows firefighters to immediately install aggressive attacks on the fire as soon as they arrive at the site. When the water supply in the vessel runs out, the engine is connected to a more permanent source such as fire hydrant or water tender and can also use natural resources such as rivers or reservoirs by arranging water.
Air apparatus
Staircase turntable
The turning ladder (TL) is probably the most famous form of special purpose air equipment, and is used to gain access to high-altitude fires using large telescopic ladders, where conventional stairs carried with conventional equipment may not be accessible. The name comes from the fact that a large ladder is mounted on a rotary table behind the truck chassis, allowing it to spin around a stable base. To increase its length, the ladder is telescopic. The modern telescopic ladder is either hydraulic or pneumatic. This mechanical feature allows the use of longer, stronger, and more stable stairs. They may also have a hose or other equipment that is pre-installed.
Stairs can also be mounted behind the cabin. This is sometimes called "mid-ship" and its settings allow for lower ride heights for trucks, and can also be more stable under certain conditions.
The main functions of the turntables are:
- Allow access or exit from firefighters and fire victims at altitude
- Provides high level water points for firefighters (enhanced main stream)
- Provide platforms where tasks such as vents or fixes can run
While the traditional characteristics of fire tools are the lack of water pumping or storage, many modern TLs have water-pumping functions built in (and some have their own on-board supply reservoirs), and may have pre-piped waterways running long stairs that direct flow water to the firemen at the top. In some cases, there may also be a monitor at the top of the stairs for ease of use. Other appliances may have only a pathway that will hold the hose reel that is manually executed safely, and prevent it from falling to the ground.
In the United States, some swivel stairs with additional functions such as onboard pumps, water tanks, fire hoses, air stairs and several ground steps, are known as quad or quint engines, showing the number of functions they perform.
The highest TL in the world is Magirus M68L. With a range of 68 meters.
Child truck
In the United States, a tiller truck, also known as a tractor, staircase ladder, or tractor-pulled hook-and-ladder truck, is a special swivel ladder mounted on a semi-trailer truck. Unlike semi-commercial, trailers and tractors are permanently combined and special tools are needed to separate them. It has two drivers, with a separate steering wheel for the front and rear wheels.
One of the main features of tiller trucks is an improved maneuverability. The independent steering of the front and rear wheels allows the steering wheel to make sharper bends, which is helpful in the narrow streets and in apartment complexes with labyrinthine streets. The additional feature of the tiller truck is that the overall length, over 50 feet (15 m) for most models, allows for additional storage of equipment and equipment. The extreme length provides a compartment capacity ranging between 500 and 650 cubic feet (14 and 18 m 3 ) in the trailer with an additional 40 and 60 cubic feet (1.1 and 1.7 m 3 ) inside the cab.
Some departments choose to use tiller-quint (see quint below), which is a tiller truck with additional features equipped with a water tank on board. This is particularly useful for smaller departments that do not have enough personnel to staff both the engine companies and trucking companies.
Air Platform
Some antennas have platforms, also known as baskets or buckets, which are mounted at the top of the stairs. This is commonly known as the platform truck . This platform can provide a safe place from which a fire brigade can operate. Many platforms also allow for rescue and are equipped with tie clips and rappelling arms.
There is also a platform truck that does not have a ladder attached to the platform. This high specialized work platform is able to articulate that allows the arm to bend in one or more places. This is an advantage of the traditional platform ladder, which can only extend in a straight line and give the platform articulate the ability to go "up and down" obstacles (see picture).
Rescue Apparatus
Severe rescue vehicle
A heavy rescue vehicle, sometimes referred to as Rescue Company, Rescue Squad or Technical Rescue, is a special kind of fire extinguisher. They are primarily designed to carry special equipment for technical rescue situations such as vehicle dismissal after a traffic collision, space saving restricted, rope rescue, quick water rescue, or building collapse.
In addition to fire and rescue services, rail or rail companies may have their own special heavy rescue teams. For example, a train rescue squad can carry very specialized equipment, for railroad accidents, such as a hydraulic jack with the capacity to lift the locomotive or even move it horizontally, and equipment for a tanker car accident.
Wildland and interface api api
Forest fire fighting requires vehicles that can easily negotiate difficult terrain and roads with high gradients, become self-sufficient, and have a high clearance for wheels and suspensions. Forest firefighting machines are traditionally smaller than standard fire apparatus and are mainly used for wild vegetation or wildfire fires. They can also respond to emergencies in rough terrain where other vehicles can not respond. Most wild field machines have four wheel drive capabilities to improve hill climbing and rough terrain abilities. Some wild land apparatus can pump water while driving (as opposed to some traditional machines that have to be stationary for pumping water), allowing "runs of attacks" on vegetation fires to minimize spreading rates.
The fire department serving the area along the wildland-urban interface is confronted with the unique challenge that departments based in big cities or rural areas are strictly not to worry. Departments in these areas often choose to use the type of firefighter commonly referred to as the wild-city interface machine or just machine interface . Although technically regarded as a forest fired ignition engine by many, it retains the traditional look and feel of standard machines.
Logistic support apparatus
Many fire departments operate a number of vehicles in specialized logistics functions. This could be a stand-alone vehicle, or perhaps modular, as with the use of a hook-elevator system. Hooklift is sometimes used only for rarely used equipment; they can load different containers of different equipment very quickly and act as special units with lower investment costs. For example, the Helsinki Rescue Department has several lift trucks and more than 40 containers, including water containers, hose containers, and oil-proof containers. Containers can also carry command posts, rescue tools, foam barrels, hoses, special pumps for forest fires, and field hospitals.
Command support unit
Technological advances and the potential for large-scale incidents have led many fire departments to increase the use of mobile command support units.
The fundamental advantage of such a tool is to accommodate the various types of communication equipment required in major incidents. In addition to the various radio frequencies used, the fire brigade chief often needs to communicate over telephone lines and send and receive information via satellite links and CCTV to stay aware and control the current situation. The command unit can basically be used as a conference center in place for commando personnel, mapping and planning fire fighting operations and directing crew when they arrive.
Water carriers
Truck tenders
The tanker truck, also known as water softener or water bowser, is a specialist fire tool with the primary purpose of transporting large quantities of water into the fire area to make it available for extinguishing operations. This is particularly useful in rural areas where fire hydrants are not available and natural water resources are inadequate or difficult to exploit.
Most tankers have an on-board pumping system. These pumps often do not have sufficient power to fight fires (as they are designed to be installed on firefighting machines), but are more commonly used to draw water into tenders from hydrants or other water sources. In some areas, tenders are used to pump water during floods, and may be equipped with heavier duty pumps for this purpose. Many tankers are equipped with a quick disposal valve on the sides and rear of the truck. This allows firefighters to empty thousands of gallons of water into a portable water tank in just a few seconds.
Most water tenders are designed to carry a payload of 1,000 gallons (3,800 liters, 830 galaxies) or more.
Airport crash tender
Airport crash tenders, or "crash rigs", are special fire engines designed for use in aerodrome in plane crashes. Some of the features that make the crash rig unique are their ability to move in rough terrain outside runways and airport areas, large water capacity as well as foam tanks, high-capacity pumps, and water/foam monitors. The newer ARFF vehicles also incorporate twin-agent nozzles/injection systems to inject Purple-K dry chemical flow into the AFF (Aqueous Film Forming Fluroprotein) flow stream, which "flattens" the fire faster. Some also have Halotron tanks with handrails for fires that must be extinguished with dry chemicals similar to those found in fire extinguishers. These features make airport accidents have the ability to reach planes quickly, and quickly extinguish large fires with jet fuel involved.
Other apparatus
Other fire officials include:
- Swap-body vehicles that use special hitch and hydraulic systems to easily change bodies for different situations - this is common in Europe
- Firemen
- Fire/burning investigation unit
- Rescue/marine rescue unit
- Operational support units
- Animal rescue unit
- Rescue robots and firefighters
- Crane truck
- Harmful material equipment
- Unit troop/utility
- Traced vehicles
- The pump trailer
- Support other boats such as hardened rubber boats, hovercraft or hydrocarbons
Maps Fire engine
Other functions
In some communities, the firefighting apparatus, which is often a paramedical machine, will be used to bring the first firefighter, paramedic, or EMT to a medical emergency due to a faster response time due to future performances in the city. Fire departments may also have coast guards at places like Los Angeles County, California.
Design and construction
The design and construction of firefighters is heavily focused on the use of active and passive warnings. Passive visual warning involves the use of high contrast patterns to improve vehicle recall. This type of warning is often seen in older and existing vehicles in developing countries. The more modern design utilizes retroreflectors to reflect light from other vehicles. Vehicles will also often have these reflectors arranged in a chevron pattern along with the words of fire or rescue . European countries generally use a pattern known as the battenburg mark. Along with passive warnings, are active visual warnings that are usually in the form of flashing colored lights (also known as "beacons" or "lightbars"). Flash is to attract the attention of other drivers when a fire truck approaches, or alert a driver approaching a fire truck parked in a dangerous position on the road. While a fire truck headed to the scene, the lights were always accompanied by loud warnings like sirens and air horns.
History
The initial device used to spray water into a fire is known as spraying or spraying. Hand spraying and hand pumps were recorded before Ctesibius of Alexandria invented the first fire pumps around the 2nd century BC, and an example of a force-pump that might be used for a fire-machine was mentioned by Heron of Alexandria. Fire pumps were rediscovered in Europe during the 16th century, reportedly used in Augsburg in 1518 and Nuremberg in 1657. A 1655 book discovery mentions a steam engine (called a firefighter engine) used to "raise the water column is 40 feet (12 m), but it is not mentioned whether it is portable.
Colonial law in America requires every house to have a bucket of water on the front porch in preparation for a fire at night. This bucket is intended for use by an early bucket brigade that will supply water to the fire. Philadelphia obtained a hand-pumped fire extinguisher in 1719, years after Boston's 1654 model appeared there, made by Joseph Jencks, but before two New York machines arrived from London.
In 1730, Richard Newsham, in London, had built a successful fire engine; he invented the first one used in New York City (in 1731) (this was six years before the establishment of the NYC volunteer firefighter). The amount of labor and skill required for firemen encouraged Benjamin Franklin to set up an organized fire company in 1737. Thomas Lote built the first fire engine made in America in 1743. This earliest machine was called a hand-held because it they are manually powered and water is supplied by a bucket bucket that throws it into a cistern where the pump has a permanent intake pipeline. An important advance around 1822 was the invention of a machine that could compose water from a water source. This makes the brigade obsolete. In 1822, a manufacturing company based in Philadelphia called Seller and Pennock created a model called "The Hydraulion". It is said to be the first suction machine. Some models have a hard suction hose fitted to the intake and are curled on top of a device known as a tail tail machine.
The earliest machines are small and carried by four people, or mounted on a stand and dragged to a fire. As the engines get bigger they become horses and then driven themselves by the steam engine. John Ericsson is credited with building America's first steam-powered fire engine. John Braithwaite built the first steam engine in England.
Until the mid-19th century, most firefighters were human-driven, but the introduction of a horse-drawn fire engine greatly increased the response time to the incident. The first self-propelled steam engine fire extinguisher was built in New York in 1841. Unfortunately for the manufacturers, some firefighters sabotaged the device and the use of the first machine was discontinued. However, the needs and utilities of electrical equipment ensure the successful steam of oil wells into the twentieth century. Many cities and towns around the world buy fire steam engines.
Motor firefighting machines did not become commonplace until the early 20th century. In 1905, the idea of ​​combining gas-engined motor trucks into a fire engine drew great attention; according to a Popular Mechanics article that year, the truck quickly gained popularity in the UK. That same year, Knox Automotive Company in Springfield, Massachusetts, began selling what some have described as the world's first modern fire engine. A year later, the city of Springfield, Illinois, has filled their firefighters with Knox machines.
For years firefighters sat on the sides of the fire engines, or even standing at the rear of the vehicle, exposed to the elements. This arrangement was uncomfortable and dangerous (some firefighters were thrown to their deaths when their fire engines made sharp turns on the road), and today almost all firefighters have fully enclosed seating areas for their crew.
Initial pump
The initial pump uses a water tank as a water source. Water is then inserted into wooden pipes under the roads and a "fire plug" is pulled out of the top of the pipe when a suction hose has to be inserted. The system further introduces pressurized hydrant hydrants, where the pressure increases when the fire alarm is sounded. This is found to be harmful to the system and unreliable. Today's valved hydrant systems are kept under pressure at all times, although additional pressure may be added when necessary. Pressurized hydrants remove much of the work in getting water to pump through the engine and into the attack hoses. Many rural fire engines still rely on tanks or other sources to collect water into the pump. Steam pumper came in use in the 1850s.
Initial antenna
At the end of the 19th century, the means of achieving a high structure was designed. Initially, a manually renewable ladder is used; because it grows long (and heavy), they are put into two big wheels. When carried by this fire truck the wheel out of the ladder has wheels hanging behind the back of the vehicle, making them a different sight. Soon, the rotary staircase - which is even longer, can be mechanically extended, and mounted directly into a fire truck - make their appearance.
After the Second WWII Turntable staircase is equipped with an air work platform (sometimes called a "cherry picker"), platforms or buckets mounted to mechanical flex sleeves (or "snorkels") mounted into fire trucks. Although this can not reach the same height of the same turntable ladder, the platform may extend to the previously unreachable "dead corners" of the burning building.
See also
- Electric firefighter
- Firearms in the United Kingdom
- Fire Head vehicle
- Glossary of the term firefighter
- Fire-fighting equipment in containers
- Jan van der Heyden, repaired the design of a fire engine in 1672
- NFPA 1901
References
External links
- The development of the United States fire engine
- Detailed inspection of two fire trucks
- Great library and image forum with thousands of old and modern firefighters
- Handtub Junction, USA The handset website in the US includes a database of all known devices.
- Brief brief history of fire extinguishers
- The video is slowly set up to pump hand pulleys 1868 Recovered Button
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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