Philander Chase Knox (May 6, 1853 - October 12, 1921) was a lawyer, director of the bank and American politician who served as US Attorney General (1901-1904), a Senator from Pennsylvania (1904-1909, 1917-1921) and the Secretary of State (1909-1913). He served in the Cabinet under three presidents. Active in law in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in a partnership known as Knox and Reed, Knox is also one of several founders of the city of Monessen in the state, where a street is named for him. With industrialists Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Mellon, he is director of the Pittsburgh National Bank of Commerce.
Video Philander C. Knox
Kehidupan awal, pendidikan, dan pernikahan
Philander Chase Knox was born in Brownsville, Pennsylvania, one of nine children from Rebecca (nÃÆ' Â © e Page) and David S. Knox. He was named after Episcopal Bishop Philander Chase. His father was a banker and his mother was active in philanthropic and social organization. He went to private elementary and secondary schools attended by the children of the rich. Knox attended Mount Union College, where he graduated in 1872 with an art degree. Over there, he formed a lifelong friendship with William McKinley, the future US President, who at the time was a local district attorney. Knox attended West Virginia University College of Law, graduating in 1875.
Marriage and family
In 1880, Knox married Lillian "Lillie" Smith, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Darsie Smith. His father was a partner in a steel company known as Smith, Sutton and Co. The company eventually became part of Crucible Steel. Knox and his wife have several children, including Hugh Knox. His close relatives include niece, "Billy" Knox.
Maps Philander C. Knox
Legal career
Knox was treated in a bar in 1875 and practiced in Pittsburgh. From 1876 to 1877, he became Assistant US Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania. Knox became a leading Pittsburgh attorney in partnership with James Hay Reed, their company is Knox and Reed (now Reed Smith LLP). In 1897 Knox became President of the Bar Association of Pennsylvania. Together with Jesse H. Lippencott, a fellow member of the elite hunting club (see South Fork below), Knox serves as director of the National Bank of Fifth Pittsburgh. Together with Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Mellon, he is director of the Pittsburgh National Bank of Commerce. As an advisor to the Carnegie Steel Company, Knox took an important part in organizing the United States Steel Corporation in 1901.
Social organization
Knox is a member of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, which has a club upstream in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. It maintains a ground dam to the lake by the club, which is stocked for fishing. The dam failed in May 1889, causing the Johnstown Flood and severe loss of life and property downstream. When the words of the dam failure were sent to Pittsburgh, Frick and other members of the South Fork Club gathered to form the Pittsburgh Help Committee to aid the flood victims. They decided not to talk openly about clubs or floods. The strategy was a success, and Knox and Reed were able to fend off all lawsuits that would place a mistake on Club members.
Knox is also a member of the elite Duquesne Club in Pittsburgh.
Personal
Knox's nickname is "Sleepy Phil," because he's said to fall asleep during a board meeting, or because he's cross-eyed.
Political career
AS. Attorney General
In 1901, Knox was appointed US Attorney General by President William McKinley and reappointed by President Theodore Roosevelt. He served until 1904. While serving President Roosevelt, Knox worked hard to apply the concept of Dollar Diplomacy.
He told President Roosevelt: "I think it would be better to keep your actions free of any stain of legality," which was made in connection with the construction of the Panama Canal.
AS. Senator
In June 1904, Knox was appointed by Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker of Pennsylvania to fill an unfinished tenure of the late Matthew S. Quay in the United States Senate. In 1905, he was elected by the state legislature to fill the remaining full term for the seat of the US Senate (until 1909).
Knox made a failed bid for a Republican nomination in the 1908 US presidential election.
AS. Secretary of State
In February 1909, President William Howard Taft nominated Senator Knox to become Secretary of State. He was initially found to be unconstitutional, because Congress has increased salaries for the post during the Senate term, thus violating the Clause of Incompleteness. In particular, Knox was elected to serve the term from March 4, 1905, until March 4, 1911. During the debate on legislation approved on 26 February 1907, as well as the debate beginning on March 4, 1908, he consistently supported the raising payments for the Cabinet, instituted for the fiscal calendar of 1908. The discovery of constitutional complications was a surprise after President-elect Taft announced his intention to nominate Knox.
The Senate Judiciary Committee filed a salary reset process to its pre-service level, and the Senate passed unanimously on 11 February 1909. Members of the US House of Representatives stepped up more resistance to relief measures and defeated them once. After a special procedural rule is applied, the size was passed by 173-115 votes. On March 4, 1909, the salary of the Secretary of State position was returned from $ 12,000 to $ 8,000, and Knox took office on March 6. Later known as the "Saxbe fix", the law has been passed in a number of similar circumstances.
Knox served as Secretary of State in Taft's cabinet until March 5, 1913. As Secretary of State, he reorganized the Department on the basis of the division, expanded the merit system to the Diplomatic Services to the head class of missions, pursued a policy of encouraging and protecting American investment abroad, declaring the ratification of the Amendment Sixteenth, and completed the completion of the controversy associated with activities in the Bering Sea and North Atlantic fisheries.
Under Taft, the focus of foreign policy is the encouragement and protection of US investments abroad called Dollar diplomacy. It was first implemented in 1909, in a failed attempt to help China take over the ownership of the Manchurian railroad. Knox feels that it is not just the purpose of diplomacy to improve financial opportunities, but also to use private capital for further US interests abroad. Despite the success, "dollar diplomacy" failed to overcome economic instability and the wave of revolutions in places like Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and China.
Return to Senate
After his tenure, Knox continued his legal practice in Pittsburgh. In 1916, Knox was elected by popular voice for the Senate from Pennsylvania for the first time, after passing the Seventeenth Amendment which provides a popular election. He served from 1917 until his death in 1921. While the Senator, he was very critical of the Treaty of Versailles ending World War I, said "This agreement does not spell peace but wars are more pathetic and destructive than we have but now closed."
At the 1920 Republican National Convention, Knox was regarded as a potential compromise candidate that could unite the party's progressive and conservative factions. Many think that California Senator Hiram Johnson will release his delegates to support his friend, Knox, but Johnson never did. Warren G. Harding instead appeared as a compromise candidate, and Harding went on to win the 1920 election.
In April 1921, he introduced the Senate resolution to officially end the US involvement in World War I. This was combined with the same House resolution to create the Knox-Porter Resolution, signed by President Warren G. Harding on July 2.
Death
Knox died in Washington, D.C. on October 12, 1921, age 68 years.
See also
- List of members of the United States Congress who died at the office (1900-49)
References
External links
- United States Congress. "Philander C. Knox (id: K000296)". Directory of Biographies of the United States Congress .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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