Adult maturity is the phase of the life span between adolescence and full adulthood that includes late adolescence and early adulthood, proposed by Jeffrey Arnett in a 2000 article in the American Psychologist. It mainly describes people living in developed countries, but also experienced by young people in urban rich families in Southern Global. The term describes young adults who have no children, do not live in their own homes, or do not have enough income to become fully independent. Arnett suggests that the emerging adult period is between 18 and 25 years where teenagers become more independent and explore the possibilities of life. Arnett argues that this period of development can be isolated from adolescence and young adulthood. Adult emerges is a new demography, which is changing controversially, and some believe that twenty years is always struggling with "exploration of identity, instability, self-focus, and feeling in between". Arnett calls this period a "boneless role" because emerging adults perform a variety of activities, but are not limited by any "role requirement". Developmental theory is highly controversial in the field of development, and developmental psychologists argue about the legitimacy of Arnett's theories and methods.
Video Emerging adulthood and early adulthood
Differences from young adults and teenagers
Terminology
Created by psychology professor Jeffrey Arnett, adulthood emerged widely known as "transitional youth," "delayed adulthood," "extended adolescence," "adolescence," "adulthood," and " years of mixing ". From various terms, "adult emergence" has become popular among sociologists, psychologists, and governmental agencies as a way of describing this period of life between adolescence and young adulthood.
Compared to other terms that have been used that give the impression that this stage is only the "last horn" of adolescence, "new adulthood" recognizes the uniqueness of this period of life. Currently, it is appropriate to define adolescence as a period that ranges in age from 12 to 18. This is because people in this age group in the United States usually stay at home with their parents, are undergoing puberty changes, attending high school and high school and engage in "school-based peer culture". All these characteristics are no longer normative after the age of 18, and hence, it is considered inappropriate to refer to young adults "teenagers" or "late teenagers". Furthermore, in the United States, age 18 is the age at which people may vote legally and citizens are granted full rights at 21 years of age.
According to Arnett, the term "young adult" indicates that maturity has been achieved, but most people in the maturity stage that appears no longer consider themselves teenagers, but do not see themselves fully as adults as well. In the past, milestones such as completing high school, finding employment, and marriage clearly marked the entrance into adulthood, but in modern, post-industrial countries, because positions that require a bachelor's degree have become more common and the average age marriage has become older the length of time between leaving adolescence and reaching these milestones has been extended, delaying the age at which many young people fully enter adulthood. If the years 18-25 are classified as "young adults", Arnett believes then it is difficult to find the right term for the thirties. Adults who appear are still in the process of getting education, not married, and not having children. At the age of thirty, most of these individuals see themselves as adults, based on the belief that they have more forms of "individualistic quality of character" such as self-responsibility, financial independence, and independence in decision making. Arnett points out that many of the individualistic characteristics associated with adult status are correlated with, but not dependent on, roles responsibilities related to careers, marriage, and/or parents.
Identity exploration
One of the most important features of recent adulthood is that this age period allows exploration in love, work, and worldview over other periods. The process of identity formation appears in adolescence but mostly occurs in the developing adult age. Regarding love, although teenagers in the United States usually start dating between the ages of 12 and 14, they usually regard this date as recreational. It is not until adulthood that the formation of identity in love becomes more serious. Emerging adults are considering their own identity as a reference point for lifelong partners, so they explore romantically and sexually as there is little parental control. While in the United States during teenage dating usually occurs in groups and in situations such as parties and dances, in adulthood, relationships last longer and often include sexual intercourse and cohabitation.
As far as work, the majority of teenagers working in the United States are likely to see their work as a way to make money for recreational activities rather than preparing them for future careers. In contrast, children aged 18 to 25 in emerging adults see their work as a way to acquire the knowledge and skills that will prepare them for their future careers in the future. Because emerging adults have the possibility of having a lot of work experience, they can figure out what kind of work they are in and discover what kinds of work they want to pursue for the rest of their lives. The changes that occur in the worldview are the major divisions of cognitive development during the emerging adult age.
Adults who choose to attend college often start college or university by the way they are raised and learned in childhood and adolescence. However, emerging adults who have attended college or university have been exposed and have considered different world views, and ultimately committed themselves to a worldview different from the worldview by which they were raised at the end of their college or university career.
Subjective differences
When Americans between the ages of 18 and 25 are asked if they believe they have reached adulthood, most do not answer with "no" or "yes", but answer with "In some ways yes, in some ways none". It is clear from this ambiguity that most adults who appear in the United States feel they have completed adolescence but have not yet entered adulthood.
A number of studies have shown that regarding people in their late teens and early twenties in the United States, demographic qualities such as completing their education, seeking careers, getting married, and becoming parents are not the criteria used in determining whether they have reached adulthood. Instead, the criteria that determine whether maturity has been achieved are character qualities, such as being able to make independent decisions and take responsibility for oneself. In America, the quality of this character is usually experienced in the mid to late twenties, thus asserting that maturity appears differently subjectively.
Why the maturity that appears differ by demographic
Emerging adults is the only period of age in which there is no consistently demographic. At this time, adolescents in the United States up to age 20, more than 95% live at home with at least one parent, 98% unmarried, under 10% have become parents, and more than 95% attend school. Similarly, people in their thirties are also normative demographics: 75% are married, 75% are parents, and under 10% attend school. Status of residence and attendance at school are two reasons that the period of maturity that appears very different demographically. Regarding the status of housing, adults who appear in the United States have a very diverse life situation. About a third of the adults who appear attend college and spend several years living independently while some depend on adults.
By contrast, 40% of adults who appear do not attend college but live independently and work full-time. Finally, about two-thirds of adults who appear in the United States live together with a romantic partner. Regarding school attendance, emerging adults vary greatly in their educational pathway (Arnett, 2000, p.Ã, 470-471). More than 60% of adults who appear in the United States go to college or university years after they graduate from high school. However, the years after college vary greatly - only about 32% of children aged 25 to 29 have completed four or more years of college.
This is because higher education is usually pursued constantly, where some pursue education while they also work, and some do not go to school for a period of time. Further contributing to the variance, about one-third of adults emerging with undergraduate degrees pursue postgraduate education within a year to earn their undergraduate degree. So, because there is so much demographic instability, especially in housing status and school attendance, it is clear that the maturity that comes up is a different entity based on non-normative demographic qualities, at least in the United States. Some of the emerging adults eventually moved back home after college, which tested the dependency demographics. During college, they may be completely independent, but that can quickly change after that as they try to find full-time jobs with little direction about where to start their careers.
Maps Emerging adulthood and early adulthood
Physiological development
Biological changes
Emerging and different adolescents are significantly associated with puberty and hormonal development. Although there is a great deal of overlap between the onset of puberty and the stage of development known as adolescence, there is less physical and hormonal changes that occur among individuals between the ages of 18-25. The emerging adults have reached the stage of full and fully hormonal maturity, physically equipped for sexual reproduction.
The emergence of maturity is usually regarded as the peak time of physical health and performance as individuals are usually less prone to illness and more agile physically during this period than the later stages of adulthood. However, emerging adults are generally more likely to contract sexually transmitted infections, as well as adopt unhealthy behavior patterns and lifestyle choices.
Cognitive development
While many people believe that an emerging adult brain is fully developed, they are actually still evolving into their adult forms. Many connections in the reinforced and unused brain are pruned. Some brain structures develop that allow for greater emotional processing and social information. The areas of the brain used for planning and processing of risks and rewards are also important developments during this stage. The development in brain structure and the resulting implications is one of the factors that cause adults to appear to be considered more mature than adolescents. This is due to the fact that they make fewer impulsive decisions and rely more on planning and evaluating the situation.
While brain structures continue to develop during adulthood, adult cognition is an area that receives the majority of attention. Arnett explained, "The emergence of maturity is a critical stage for the emergence of complex forms of thought necessary in complex societies." Important changes occur in self-awareness and their capacity for self-reflection. At this stage, emerging adults often decide on a particular worldview and can recognize that another perspective exists and applies. While cognition generally becomes more complex, the level of education plays an important role in this development. Not all adult adults attain the same advanced level of cognition due to the various educations received during this age period.
Abnormal development
Much research has been directed to study the onset of lifelong DSM annoyance to dispel the common notion that most disorders begin early in life. For this reason, many people who show signs of disorder do not seek help because of stigmatization. Research shows that people with various disorders will not feel the symptoms until adulthood. Kessler and Merikangas reported that "50% of adults appearing between the ages of 18 and 25 have at least one psychiatric disorder." Not only are the emergence of various common disorders in adulthood, but the likelihood of developing the disorder decreases dramatically by the age of 28.
Seventy-five percent of DSM-IV lifelong anxiety, mood disorders, impulse control, and substance abuse begin before the age of 24 years. Most onset at this age will not become, or become, comorbid. The median onset of interquartile of various substance use disorders is 18-27, whereas the mean age of onset is 20. The mean age of onset of mood disorder is 25.
Even previously started disorders, such as a schizophrenic spectrum diagnosis, may manifest themselves in the adult age range that appears. Often, patients will not seek help until several years of symptoms have passed, if at all. For example, those diagnosed with social anxiety disorder rarely seek treatment until the age of 27 or older. Usually, symptoms of more severe disorders, such as severe depression, begin at age 25 as well.
With the exception of some phobias, many disorder symptoms begin to appear and can be diagnosed during adult life. Great efforts have been made to educate the public and influence those who have symptoms to seek treatment in the past. There is minimal but interesting evidence that those attending college seem to have fewer opportunities to show symptoms of DSM-IV disorder. In one study, "they had significantly fewer diagnoses of drug use disorders or nicotine dependence". In addition, "bipolar disorder is less common in individuals attending college". However, other studies reported that the odds of alcohol abuse and addiction increased with student status.
Relationships
Parent-child relationship
Adult emergence is characterized by the reevaluation of parent-child relationships, especially in terms of autonomy. When a child shifts from a role that depends on the role of an adult partner, family dynamics change significantly. At this stage, it is important for parents to recognize and accept their child's status as an adult. This process can include gestures such as allowing increased amounts of privacy and extending trust. Giving this recognition helps offspring increasingly independent in shaping a strong sense of identity and exploration at the most important time.
There is a wide range of evidence about the survival of adult relationships that arise with parents, although most research supports the fact that there is moderate stability. Higher parent-child relationships often result in greater affection and contact in the developing adult age. Attachment styles tend to remain stable from infancy to adulthood. Early secure attachment helps in the healthy separation of parents while still maintaining intimacy, resulting in adaptive psychological functions. Changes in attachments are often associated with negative life events, as described below.
Parental divorce and marriage often result in weaker parent-child relationships, even if no side effects are seen during childhood. When parental divorce occurs in early adulthood, it has a strong negative impact on the child's relationship with their father.
However, if parents and children maintain good relationships during the divorce process, it can act as a buffer and reduce the negative effects of the experience. A positive parent-child relationship after a parent's divorce can also be facilitated by the child's understanding of the divorce. Understanding the complexity of the situation and not thinking about the negative aspects can actually help adapt young adults, as well as their success in their own romantic relationship.
Despite the growing need for autonomy that appears in adult experience, there is also an ongoing need for support from parents, although this need is often different and less dependent compared to previous children and adolescents. Many people over the age of 18 still need financial support to continue their education and careers, despite an otherwise independent lifestyle. Furthermore, emotional support remains important during this transition period. Parental involvement with low marital conflicts results in better adjustment for students. This balance of autonomy and dependence may seem contradictory, but releasing control while providing the necessary support can strengthen the bond between parent and offspring and may even make room for children to be seen as a source of support.
Parental support may come in the form of co-residence, which has a wide range of effects on adult adaptability that arise. The proportion of young adults living with their parents has steadily increased in recent years, largely due to financial pressures, difficulty finding employment, and the need for higher education in employment. The economic benefits of the co-residence period can help adults emerge in the exploration of career options. In low socioeconomic households, this arrangement may have the added benefit of young adults who provide support for families, whether financial or otherwise.
Co-residence may also have a negative effect on adult adaptability and autonomy. This can hinder the ability of parents to recognize their child as an adult, while home-leave promotes satisfying psychological growth and adult relationships with parents with little confrontation. Living in physically separate households can help young adults and parents recognize the changing nature of their relationship.
Sexual intercourse
There are various factors that influence sexual intercourse during the developing adult life; This includes beliefs about sexual behavior and certain marriages. For example, among adults appearing in the United States, it is common for oral sex to not be considered "real sex". In the 1950s and 1960s, about 75% of people aged between 20-24 were involved in premarital sex. Today, that figure is 90%. Unintentional pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major problem. As individuals move through the emerging adult age, they are more likely to engage in monogamous sexual relations and practice safe sex.
In most OECD countries, marriage rates decline, age at first marriage increases, and cohabitation among unmarried couples increases. Western European marriage patterns are traditionally characterized by marriage in the mid-twenties, especially for women, with generally small age differences among couples, a significant proportion of unmarried women, and the formation of neolocal households after couples have married.
The affordability of housing has been linked to the level of homeownership, and demographic researchers argue for the relationship between the rising age at first marriage and the rising age of the first homeownership.
Culture
Demographics differentiate between developing countries, which account for more than 80% of the world's population, and the economically advanced industrialized countries that make up the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). These include countries such as the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Japan, South Korea, and Australia, all of which have higher median incomes and educational attainment and much lower rates of illness, disease and early death.
The emerging maturity theory specifically applies to cultures in these OECD countries, and as a stage of new development emerged over the past half century. This is specific to "certain demographic cultural conditions, particularly broader education and training beyond secondary school and entry into marriage and parents in the late twenties or so".
Furthermore, the maturity that occurs only occurs in a society that allows for work shifts, with emerging adults often experiencing frequent job changes before settling on a specific job at age 30. Arnett also argues that the maturity that occurs occurs in a culture that allows for the period between adolescence and marriage, the marker of maturity. The instability of marriage and work found amongst emerging adults can be attributed to the strong sense of individualization found in cultures that allow for this stage of development; in individual cultures, traditional family and institutional constraints have become less prominent than in earlier times or in non-industrialized cultures, allowing for more personal freedom in life decisions. However, the maturity that occurs even in industrialized countries that do not value individualization, as in some Asian countries is discussed below.
Until the last part of the 20th century in OECD countries, and in the past in developing countries around the word, young people transition from adolescence to young adults around or at the age of 22, when they settle in the long run, obligations-fill the role of family and work. Therefore, in a society where this tendency is still prevailing, maturity does not exist as a stage of widespread development.
Among OECD countries, there is a general model of "one size fits all" in terms of maturity that arises, after all experiencing the same demographic changes that result in a new developmental stage between adolescence and young adulthood. However, the form of maturity appears even can vary between different OECD countries, and researchers are just beginning to explore these cross-national differences. For example, researchers have determined that Europe is the region in which the most recent adult period lasts, with high levels of government aid and middle-age marriage approaching 30, compared with the US where the average marriage age is 27 years.
The growing adult community of East Asia may be very different from their counterparts in Europe and America, because while they share the benefits of a prosperous society with a strong system of education and prosperity, they do not share a strong sense of individualization. Historically and today, East Asian cultures have emphasized collectivism more than those in the West. For example, while adults emerging in Asia are also involved in the exploration of individual identity and personal development, they do so within the narrower limits set by family obligations. For example, emerging European and American adults consistently register financial independence as a major marker of maturity, while adults emerging in Asia consistently make lists able to support parents financially as markers of equal weight. Furthermore, while casual and premarital sex has become normative in the West, in Asia, parents are still discouraging such practices, where they remain "scarce and forbidden". In fact, about 75% of adults who appear in the US and Europe report having premarital sexual intercourse at age 20, while less than 20% in Japan and South Korea report the same.
While emerging adult candidates are found primarily in the middle and upper classes of OECD countries, the stage of development seems to still occur throughout the class, with major differences between different lengths - on average, young people in lower social classes tend to enter adolescence two years before they were in the upper class.
While maturity appears only on a wide scale in OECD countries, developing countries may also exhibit similar phenomena in specific population subgroups. In contrast to the poor or rural developing countries, which have no maturity that appears and sometimes no adolescents because of the relatively early entry into marriage and employment such as adults, young people in wealthy urban classes have begun to enter the stages- a stage of development resembling an adult, and the number to do so increases. Such individuals may develop bicultural or hybrid identities, with parts of themselves identifying with local cultures and other parts participating in the global economic professional culture. One finds examples of such situations among middle-class youth in India, who lead the global economic sector while still, for the most part, prefer to organize marriages and care for their elderly parents. While it is more common to appear mature in OECD countries, it is not always true that all young people from these communities have the opportunity to experience these years of change and exploration.
Media
Emerging adults is not just an idea spoken by psychologists, the media has spread the concept as well. Hollywood has produced many films where the main conflict seems to be the reluctance of grown adults to actually "grow" and take responsibility. Failure to Release and Steps is an extreme example of this concept. While most take on newly emerging adolescence (and the problems it can generate) are shown in the lightest attempt to ridicule the idea, some films have taken a more serious approach to the suffering. Adventureland , Take Me Home Tonight , Cyrus and Jeff, Who Lives at Home is a comedy-drama showcasing fate grown up adults today. Television also makes use of the concept of maturity that comes with sitcoms like $ h *! Said my father and Big Lake .
However, not just on television where people see the world become aware of this trend. In the spring of 2010, The New Yorker magazine showed off a post-graduate photograph hanging his PhD on the wall of his bedroom as his parents stood in the doorway. One does not have to search for this media source to find documentation of the emerging maturity phenomenon. News sources about this topic are abundant. Nationally, it was found that people entering the age of 20s are faced with a lot of life problems that create problems that this age group has received a lot of attention. The Occupy movement is an example of what has happened to today's youth and demonstrates the frustration of today's adult adults. Other television shows and movies that show early appearance/maturity are Girl , How I Meet Your Mother , and Less Than Zero.
Criticism
The concept of maturity that appears not yet without criticism. Sociologists have pointed out that it ignores class differences. While it may be true that middle-class children in Western societies are spoiled with choice and able to delay the decision of life, there are other young people who have no choice at all, and stay at home parents not because they want to, but because they can not afford to live alone : They have a period of "capture maturity".
The more theoretical criticism comes from the developmental psychologist, who considers all the theoretical phases to be outdated. They argue that development is a dynamic interactive process, different for each individual, because each individual has their own experience. Creating a stage that only explains (does not explain) the length of time in the lives of some individuals (mostly white middle-class youths living in Western societies in this decade), and has nothing to say about people living in various conditions or different points. in history is not a scientific approach.
Arnett has taken some of these important points in public discussion.
References
Further reading
Jensen Arnett, Jeffrey (2004). Emerging Adults: The Winding Way From The End of Youth Through Twenties . Oxford University Press. p.Ã, 280. ISBNÃ, 0-19-517314-7.
External links
- Society for Emerging Adulthood Studies
- University of Pennsylvania Transition to Adulthood Blog
- Hrabe, Ian (August 24, 2010). "How to Survive a New Adult: Playlist". Pitch . Retrieved August 24 2010 .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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